{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:30:13Z","timestamp":1781019013313,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["2016M3A9F1939646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016M3A9F1939646"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reconstructing a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from signals received from electrodes packed into a patch-type device is a challenging task in the field of medical instrumentation. All attempts to obtain a clinically valid 12-lead ECG using a patch-type device were not satisfactory. In this study, we designed the hardware for a three-lead patch-type ECG device and employed a long short-term memory (LSTM) network that can overcome the limitations of the linear regression algorithm used for ECG reconstruction. The LSTM network can overcome the issue of reduced horizontal components of the vector in the electric signal obtained from the patch-type device attached to the anterior chest. The reconstructed 12-lead ECG that uses the LSTM network was tested against a standard 12-lead ECG in 30 healthy subjects and ECGs of 30 patients with pathologic findings. The average correlation coefficient of the LSTM network was found to be 0.95. The ability of the reconstructed ECG to detect pathologic abnormalities was identical to that of the standard ECG. In conclusion, the reconstruction of a standard 12-lead ECG using a three-lead patch-type device is feasible, and such an ECG is an equivalent alternative to a standard 12-lead ECG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T06:34:16Z","timestamp":1591684456000},"page":"3278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Reconstruction of 12-Lead Electrocardiogram from a Three-Lead Patch-Type Device Using a LSTM Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jangjay","family":"Sohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungman","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonnyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mellowing Factory Co. Ltd., Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunseo","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical &amp; Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"12-lead ECG system","volume":"15","author":"Plonsey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetism"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.04.011","article-title":"Synthesising the 12-lead electrocardiogram: Trends and challenges","volume":"18","author":"Finlay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. 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