{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:37:25Z","timestamp":1776865045179,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no. 51505427 and no. 51675483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 51505427 and no. 51675483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["no. LZ17E050003 and no. LY17E050021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. LZ17E050003 and no. LY17E050021"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","award":["RF-A2019008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-A2019008"]}]},{"name":"Foundations","award":["grant no. 61409230606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 61409230606"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the effect of process parameters on neurosurgical bone grinding performance using a miniature surgical diamond wheel. Bone grinding is an important procedure in the expanded endonasal approach for removing the cranial bone and access to the skull base tumor via nasal corridor. Heat and force are generated during the grinding process, which may cause thermal and mechanical damage to the adjacent tissues. This study investigates the effect of grinding process parameters (including the depth of cut, feed rate, and spindle speed) on the bone grinding performance using temperature and force measurement sensors in order to optimize the grinding process. An orthogonal experimental design with a standard orthogonal array, L9 (33), is selected with each parameter in three levels. The experimental results have been statistically analyzed using the range and variance analysis methods in order to determine the importance order of the process parameters. The results indicate that the effect of the cutting depth on the grinding temperature and normal force is the largest, while the effect of the spindle speed on the tangential force is the largest. A high spindle speed would make the temperature rise to a certain extent; however, it significantly reduces the grinding force. At a certain spindle speed, a lower depth of cut and feed rate help to reduce the grinding temperature and force.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1592200587000},"page":"3325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters on Bone Grinding Performance Based on On-Line Measurement of Temperature and Force Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education &amp; Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education &amp; Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education &amp; Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9201-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanzhi","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education &amp; Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyu","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education &amp; Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2018.05.010","article-title":"Fixed abrasive machining of non-metallic materials","volume":"67","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"CIRP Ann.-Manuf. 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