{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T09:44:17Z","timestamp":1782380657263,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BTM-MAT\/28237\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTM-MAT\/28237\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/28159\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/28159\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/121464\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/121464\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2016-76039-C4-3-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-76039-C4-3-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basque Government Industry and Education Department","award":["PIBA-2018-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBA-2018-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomimetic bioreactor systems are increasingly being developed for tissue engineering applications, due to their ability to recreate the native cell\/tissue microenvironment. Regarding bone-related diseases and considering the piezoelectric nature of bone, piezoelectric scaffolds electromechanically stimulated by a bioreactor, providing the stimuli to the cells, allows a biomimetic approach and thus, mimicking the required microenvironment for effective growth and differentiation of bone cells. In this work, a bioreactor has been designed and built allowing to magnetically stimulate magnetoelectric scaffolds and therefore provide mechanical and electrical stimuli to the cells through magnetomechanical or magnetoelectrical effects, depending on the piezoelectric nature of the scaffold. While mechanical bioreactors need direct application of the stimuli on the scaffolds, the herein proposed magnetic bioreactors allow for a remote stimulation without direct contact with the material. Thus, the stimuli application (23 mT at a frequency of 0.3 Hz) to cells seeded on the magnetoelectric, leads to an increase in cell viability of almost 30% with respect to cell culture under static conditions. This could be valuable to mimic what occurs in the human body and for application in immobilized patients. Thus, special emphasis has been placed on the control, design and modeling parameters governing the bioreactor as well as its functional mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1592200587000},"page":"3340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Magnetic Bioreactor for Magneto-, Mechano- and Electroactive Tissue Engineering Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, E-48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9120-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarisse","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikardo","family":"Minguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, University of the Basque Country, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, E-48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.60","article-title":"Design concepts and strategies for tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"58","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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