{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:31:56Z","timestamp":1767990716694,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P510804\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P510804\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface electromyography is used for non-invasive evaluations of the neuromuscular system and conventionally involves electrodes placed on the skin to collect electrical signals associated with muscle activity. Recently, embroidered electrodes have been presented as a low-cost alternative to the current commercial solutions. However, the high cost of equipment used in their fabrication forms a barrier to deployment. To address this, this paper presents the first study into the hand-sewing of electrodes for surface electromyography to assess its feasibility as an affordable, alternative means of production. In experiments reported here, batches of hand-sewn electrodes from six novice embroiderers are tested for (i) manufacturing consistency, and (ii) myographic data acquisition against conventional gelled and machine-sewn electrodes. First, the electrical properties of the created electrodes are assessed through simple resistance measurements. Then, linear regression is performed using electromyography data to test if force-variation detection is feasible. The results demonstrate that hand-sewn electrodes provide similar sensitivity to force variation as their machine-sewn counterparts according to the linear regression gradients calculated (    8.84     using the hand-sewn electrodes and     9.38     using the machine-sewn electrodes, on the flexor muscles of the forearm). This suggests that hand-made, low-cost textile interfaces could be deployed using local production in developing economies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1592200587000},"page":"3347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hand-Made Embroidered Electromyography: Towards a Solution for Low-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Pitou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics Research, Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics Research, Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craftspace, Birmingham B12 0DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics Research, Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2005.03.001","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Surface Electromyography in Neuromuscular Disorders","volume":"35","author":"Hogrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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