{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:36Z","timestamp":1760177436980,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51874299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51874299"]}]},{"name":"the National Science &amp; Technology Pillar Program of China","award":["2013BAK06B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013BAK06B03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the reference communication standard of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been adopted in various WSN-based applications. In many of these applications, one of the most common traffic pattern types is a periodic traffic patterns, however, the majority of existing analytical models target either saturated or unsaturated network traffic patterns. Furthermore, few of them can be directly extended to the periodic traffic scenario, since periodic traffic brings unstable load status to sensor nodes. To better characterize the WSNs with periodic traffic, we propose an accurate and scalable analytical framework for the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. By formulating the relationship between clear channel assessment (CCA) and its successful probability from the perspective of channel state and node state, single node\u2019s behavior and whole network\u2019s performance under different network scales and traffic loads can be derived. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed framework in terms of both local statistics and overall statistics, and the results show that the model can represent the actual behavior and the real performance of both single node and whole network. Besides, as the simplified version of double CCAs mode (DS mode), single CCA mode (SS mode), is also analyzed with simple modifications on the proposed analytical framework. Combining the analytical framework with simulation results, the applicable network scenarios of two modes are also demonstrated respectively. Finally, an approximate distribution of one data packet\u2019s backoff duration is proposed. With this approximate distribution, a conservative estimation of data packet\u2019s average transmission latency in networks with given configurations can be easily carried out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1592200587000},"page":"3350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Analytical Framework for the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer Protocol under Periodic Traffic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5440-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruisong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Software &amp; Systems Group (TSSG), Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 P20H Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2529-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linsen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2015754","article-title":"Industrial wireless sensor networks: Challenges, design principles, and technical approaches","volume":"56","author":"Gungor","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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