{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:32:43Z","timestamp":1778355163320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61961008,61661016 and 61761014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61961008,61661016 and 61761014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the director fund project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing","award":["CXKL06180101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXKL06180101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation with spatial diversity is proposed to mitigate turbulence-induced fading in an underwater visible-light communication (UVLC) channel. Generalized-gamma (GG) distribution was used to model the fading, as this model is valid for weak- and strong-turbulence regimes. On the basis of the characteristic function (CHF) of GG random variables, we derived an approximated bit-error rate (BER) for the CAP modulation scheme with spatial diversity and equal-gain combining (EGC). Furthermore, we simulated the performance of the CAP system with diversity and LDPC for various turbulence conditions and validated the analysis. Obtained results showed that the combination of LDPC and spatial diversity is effective in mitigating turbulence-induced fading, especially when turbulence strength is strong.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1592223417000},"page":"3378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["LDPC-Coded CAP with Spatial Diversity for UVLC Systems over Generalized-Gamma Fading Channel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband communication and Signal Processing, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2954-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasiu","family":"Popoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujan","family":"Rajbhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Gothenburg 41250, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2891542","article-title":"Unified Statistical Channel Model for Turbulence-Induced Fading in Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems","volume":"67","author":"Zedini","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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