{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T20:28:32Z","timestamp":1771705712415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent developments in implantable technology, such as high-density recordings, wireless transmission of signals to a prosthetic hand, may pave the way for intramuscular electromyography (iEMG)-based myoelectric control in the future. This study aimed to investigate the real-time control performance of iEMG over time. A novel protocol was developed to quantify the robustness of the real-time performance parameters. Intramuscular wires were used to record EMG signals, which were kept inside the muscles for five consecutive days. Tests were performed on multiple days using Fitts\u2019 law. Throughput, completion rate, path efficiency and overshoot were evaluated as performance metrics using three train\/test strategies. Each train\/test scheme was categorized on the basis of data quantity and the time difference between training and testing data. An artificial neural network (ANN) classifier was trained and tested on (i) data from the same day (WDT), (ii) data collected from the previous day and tested on present-day (BDT) and (iii) trained on all previous days including the present day and tested on present-day (CDT). It was found that the completion rate (91.6 \u00b1 3.6%) of CDT was significantly better (p &lt; 0.01) than BDT (74.02 \u00b1 5.8%) and WDT (88.16 \u00b1 3.6%). For BDT, on average, the first session of each day was significantly better (p &lt; 0.01) than the second and third sessions for completion rate (77.9 \u00b1 14.0%) and path efficiency (88.9 \u00b1 16.9%). Subjects demonstrated the ability to achieve targets successfully with wire electrodes. Results also suggest that time variations in the iEMG signal can be catered by concatenating the data over several days. This scheme can be helpful in attaining stable and robust performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1592223417000},"page":"3385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Multiday Evaluation of Real-Time Intramuscular EMG Usability with ANN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Waris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6141-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zia ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran Khan","family":"Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Center of Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Jochumsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4525-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Englehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7182-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Haavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-2090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest Nlandu","family":"Kamavuako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics Research, Department of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.50B4.780","article-title":"Implantation of micro-circuits for myo-electric control of prostheses","volume":"50","author":"Herberts","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. 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