{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:20:00Z","timestamp":1774380000736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41531177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41531177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China","award":["41725005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41725005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB0502304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0502304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFF0103500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFF0103500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX18_1206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX18_1206"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation\uff0cMinistry of Land and Resources","award":["KF-2018-03-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2018-03-070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extraction of buildings has been an essential part of the field of LiDAR point clouds processing in recent years. However, it is still challenging to extract buildings from huge amount of point clouds due to the complicated and incomplete structures, occlusions and local similarities between different categories in a complex environment. Taking the urban and campus scene as examples, this paper presents a versatile and hierarchical semantic-based method for building extraction using LiDAR point clouds. The proposed method first performs a series of preprocessing operations, such as removing ground points, establishing super-points and using them as primitives for subsequent processing, and then semantically labels the raw LiDAR data. In the feature engineering process, considering the purpose of this article is to extract buildings, we tend to choose the features extracted from super-points that can describe building for the next classification. There are a portion of inaccurate labeling results due to incomplete or overly complex scenes, a Markov Random Field (MRF) optimization model is constructed for postprocessing and segmentation results refinement. Finally, the buildings are extracted from the labeled points. Experimental verification was performed on three datasets in different scenes, our results were compared with the state-of-the-art methods. These evaluation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for extracting buildings from LiDAR point clouds in multiple environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1592223417000},"page":"3386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Semantic-Based Building Extraction from LiDAR Point Clouds Using Contexts and Optimization in Complex Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Shuaibing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2258887","article-title":"Automated extraction of building outlines from airborne laser scanning point clouds","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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