{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:36:39Z","timestamp":1761514599638,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-17-1-0354","FA9550-19-1-1043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-17-1-0354","FA9550-19-1-1043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A room-temperature strip-guided \u201cmanufacturable\u201d Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)\/GeSn integrated-photonics quantum-gyroscope chip operating at 1550 nm is proposed and analysed. We demonstrate how the entangled photons generated in Si Spontaneous Four Wave Mixing (SFWM) can be used to improve the resolution of a Sagnac interferometric gyroscope. We propose different integrated architectures based on degenerate and non-degenerate SFWM. The chip comprises several beam splitters, two SFWM entangled photon sources, a pump filter, integrated Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometric gyro, and an array of waveguide coupled GeSn\/Ge\/Si single-photon avalanche detectors. The laser pumped SWFM sources generate the signal-idler pairs, which, in turn, are used to measure the two-photon, four-photon, and higher order coincidences, resulting in an increasing of the gyro resolution by a factor of two and four, with respect to the classical approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T12:19:55Z","timestamp":1592569195000},"page":"3476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["On-Chip Group-IV Heisenberg-Limited Sagnac Interferometric Gyroscope at Room Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Leonardis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Soref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0612-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino","family":"De Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio M. N.","family":"Passaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7503","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01453","article-title":"Simulations of Nanoscale Room-Temperature Waveguide-Coupled Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors for Silicon Photonic Sensing and Quantum Applications","volume":"2","author":"Soref","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.95","article-title":"Quantum transport simulations in a programmable nanophotonic processor","volume":"11","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0236-y","article-title":"Large-scale silicon quantum photonics implementing arbitrary two-qubit processing","volume":"12","author":"Qiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3642","article-title":"Universal linear optics","volume":"349","author":"Carolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0567-8","article-title":"Generation and sampling of quantum states of light in a silicon chip","volume":"15","author":"Paesani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231692","article-title":"Boson sampling on a photonic chip","volume":"339","author":"Spring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13984","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13984","article-title":"Chip-based quantum key distribution","volume":"8","author":"Sibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021009","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.021009","article-title":"Metropolitan quantum key distribution with silicon photonics","volume":"8","author":"Bunandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.001274","article-title":"Silicon photonic transmitter for polarization-encoded quantum key distribution","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000172","article-title":"Integrated silicon photonics for high-speed quantum key distribution","volume":"4","author":"Sibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0504-5","article-title":"An integrated silicon photonic chip platform for continuous variable quantum key distribution","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.63","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of long distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution","volume":"7","author":"Jouguet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Persechino, M., Vidarte, L.T., Ziebell, M., Crozat, P., Villing, A., Marris-Morini, D., Vivien, L., Diamanti, E., and Grangier, P. (2018, January 27\u201331). Correlations with on chip-detection for continuous-variable QKD. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Quantum Cryptography, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-018-0058-2","article-title":"Experimental investigation of practical unforgeable quantum money","volume":"4","author":"Bozzio","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.240501","article-title":"Anonymity for practical quantum networks","volume":"122","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12139-z","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of quantum advantage for one-way communication complexity surpassing best-known classical protocol","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083002","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/18\/8\/083002","article-title":"Recent advances on integrated quantum communications","volume":"18","author":"Orieux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2016.2573218","article-title":"Silicon quantum photonics","volume":"22","author":"Silverstone","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.7.000111","article-title":"Material platforms for integrated quantum photonics","volume":"7","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2015-0146","article-title":"Large scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon","volume":"5","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-020-0263-7","article-title":"High quality photonic entanglement out of a stand-alone silicon chip","volume":"6","author":"Oser","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Quantum Inf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.376805","article-title":"Hybrid waveguide scheme for silicon-based quantum photonic circuits with quantum light sources","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phot. Research."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.339","article-title":"On-chip quantum interference between silicon photon-pair sources","volume":"8","author":"Silverstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20379","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.020379","article-title":"On-chip quantum interference with heralded photons from two independent micro-ring resonator sources in silicon photonics","volume":"28","author":"Faruque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0727-x","article-title":"Chip-to-chip quantum teleportation and multi-photon entanglement in silicon","volume":"16","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Physics."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R.R., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Tsang, H.K. (2020). Quantum States of Higher-order Whispering gallery modes in a Silicon Micro-disk Resonator. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.385551"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"708","article-title":"The demonstration of the luminiferous aether by the interferometer in uniform rotation","volume":"157","author":"Sagnac","year":"1913","journal-title":"CR Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1070\/PU2000v043n12ABEH000830","article-title":"The Sagnac effect: Correct and incorrect explanations","volume":"43","author":"Malykin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Usp."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hu, W. (2012). Optimum length of fiber coil in space-borne interferometric fiber optic gyroscope. Advances in Electric and Electronics (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering), Springer."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Sanders, S.J., Strandjord, L.K., and Mead, D. (2002, January 10). Fiber optic gyro technology trends-a Honeywell perspective. Proceedings of the 15th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference Technicalal Digest, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kajioka, H., Kumagai, T., Nakai, H., Dohsho, T., Soekawa, H., and Yuhara, T. (1996, January 12). Commercial applications of mass-produced fiber optic gyros. Proceedings of the Fiber Optic Gyros: 20th Anniversary Conference, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.258177"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Smith, R.B., and Thompson, B.J. (1989). Selected Papers on Fiber Optic Gyro, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passaro, V.M.N., Cuccovillo, A., Vaiani, L., De Carlo, M., and Campanella, C.E. (2017). Gyroscope technology and applications: A review in the industrial perspective. Sensors, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102284"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2837754","article-title":"Design Rules of a Microscale PT-Symmetric Optical Gyroscope Using Group IV Platform","volume":"36","author":"Passaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.003956","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Real-Splitting Anti-PT-Symmetric Microscale Optical Gyroscope","volume":"44","author":"Lamberti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optics Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1777-z","article-title":"Observation of the Exceptional-Point-Enhanced Sagnac Effect","volume":"576","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1780-4","article-title":"Non-Hermitian Ring Laser Gyroscopes With Enhanced Sagnac Sensitivity","volume":"576","author":"Hokmabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510802091298","article-title":"Quantum optical metrology\u2013The lowdown on high N00N states","volume":"49","author":"Dowling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contemp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.74.4835","article-title":"Photonic de Broglie waves","volume":"74","author":"Jacobson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.006798","article-title":"Heisenberg limited Sagnac interferometry","volume":"15","author":"Kolkirian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053010","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/ab1bb2","article-title":"Entanglement-enhanced optical gyroscope","volume":"21","author":"Fink","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Phys"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.87","article-title":"Group IV photonics: Enabling 2 \u03bcm communications","volume":"9","author":"Soref","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0532-1","article-title":"Integrated photonic quantum technologies","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25827","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.025827","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear characterization of low-stress high-confinement silicon-rich nitride waveguides","volume":"23","author":"Klintberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23775","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.023775","article-title":"Silicon\/silicon-rich nitride hybrid-core waveguide for nonlinear optics","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B50","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.6.000B50","article-title":"Nonlinear optics on silicon-rich nitride-a high nonlinear figure of merit CMOS platform","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photon. Research."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvaraja, S.K., De Heyn, P., Winroth, G., Ong, P., Lepage, G., Cailler, C., Rigny, A., Bourdelle, K.K., Bogaerts, W., and Van Thourhout, D. (2014, January 9\u201313). Highly uniform and low-loss passive silicon photonics devices using a 300mm CMOS platform. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2014.Th2A.33"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Comsol Multiphysics (2005). Single License, COMSOL Inc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16558","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.016558","article-title":"Continuous wave photon pair generation in silicon-on-insulator waveguides and ring resonators","volume":"17","author":"Clemmen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15184","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15184","article-title":"Mid-infrared coincidence measurements on twin photons at room temperature","volume":"8","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/12\/3476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:41:03Z","timestamp":1760175663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/12\/3476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s20123476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20123476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]}}}