{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T05:48:55Z","timestamp":1771652935961,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/0715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/0715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Around 15% of children still wet their bed after five years old. Although bedwetting alarms have proven to be effective to achieve nighttime dryness, they are cumbersome so children could be reluctant to use them. Therefore, the moisture sensor and wire were made unobtrusive by seamlessly integrated them into fully textile underwear by using conductive yarns. Consequently, the alarm acceptability should be enhanced by improving children\u2019s comfort. Three conductive textile metallic yarns, made of silver or stainless steel, were considered to fabricate the urine leakage sensor. Silver-plated-nylon yarn, which showed the highest electrical conductivity, outperformed the stainless-steel yarns regarding its ability to detect urine leakage as well as its detection speed. Furthermore, it was proven to withstand multiple urine soakings and the following machine-washings, even at high temperature (60 \u00b0C). However, the electrical current, necessary to detect the leakage, tends to corrode the silver. Therefore, the detection circuit was adapted. Eventually, the designed leakage sensor was seamlessly integrated into a child\u2019s trunk underwear, into which a miniaturized alarm can be plugged. The resulting textile underwear aims at replacing the rigid alarm system currently available, hence improving the quality of life of enuretic children and help them achieving nighttime dryness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T09:05:33Z","timestamp":1592903133000},"page":"3546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Boxer Underwear Incorporating Textile Moisture Sensor to Prevent Nocturnal Enuresis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Valentin","family":"Gaubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GEnie et Mat\u00e9riaux TEXtiles (GEMTEX) Laboratory, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT), F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Department of Hautes Etudes Ing\u00e9nieur (HEI)-YNCREA, Lille Catholic University, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Engineering Department, University of Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayriye","family":"Gidik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEnie et Mat\u00e9riaux TEXtiles (GEMTEX) Laboratory, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Department of Hautes Etudes Ing\u00e9nieur (HEI)-YNCREA, Lille Catholic University, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan","family":"Koncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEnie et Mat\u00e9riaux TEXtiles (GEMTEX) Laboratory, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT), F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Engineering Department, University of Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(06)00305-3","article-title":"The Standardization of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Children and Adolescents: Report from the Standardisation Committee of the International Children\u2019s Continence Society","volume":"176","author":"Hoebeke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24002","article-title":"The influence of delay elimination communication on the prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis\u2014A survey from Mainland China","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S., Jafri, R.Z., Mobin, K., Mirza, R., Nanji, K., Jahangir, F., Patel, S.J., Ejaz, M.S., Qaiser, I., and Iftikhar, H. (2018). Frequency and features of nocturnal enuresis in Pakistani children aged 5 to 16 years based on ICCS criteria: A multi-center cross-sectional study from Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Fam. Pract., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0876-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05640.x","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis at 7.5 years old: Prevalence and analysis of clinical signs","volume":"96","author":"Butler","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111652","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis","volume":"184","author":"Kiddoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318190045c","article-title":"Prevalence of Enuresis and Its Association with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Among U.S. Children: Results from a Nationally Representative Study","volume":"48","author":"Shreeram","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/003655900750042022","article-title":"The Three Systems: A Conceptual Way of Understanding Nocturnal Enuresis","volume":"34","author":"Butler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1118","article-title":"The role of sleep and arousal in nocturnal enuresis","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb09027.x","article-title":"Elevated sleep arousal thresholds in enuretic boys: Clinical implications","volume":"86","author":"Wolfish","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.49.4.259","article-title":"Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate: Study of 1129 enuretics","volume":"49","author":"Forsythe","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13787","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis impaired children\u2019s quality of life and friendships","volume":"106","author":"Arnrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01054","article-title":"Parental Stress and Parental Ratings of Behavioral Problems of Enuretic Children","volume":"10","author":"Roccella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldwell, P.H., Nankivell, G., and Sureshkumar, P. (2013). Simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003637.pub3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.4","article-title":"Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children","volume":"1","author":"Glazener","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Child Health Cochrane Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5350\/Sleep.Hypn.2019.21.0168","article-title":"Nocturnal Enuresis: A Synopsis of Behavioral and Pharmacological Management","volume":"21","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Hypn. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.10.001","article-title":"Percutaneous electrical stimulation for overactive bladder in children: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Barroso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-2090-9","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis in children between laser acupuncture and medical treatment: A comparative study","volume":"32","author":"Alsharnoubi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34935-1","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Alarm versus Desmopressin Therapy for Pediatric Monosymptomatic Enuresis","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Professionals, S.-O. (2020, April 28). EAU Guidelines: Paediatric Urology. Available online: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guideline\/paediatric-urology\/#6."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590701571506","article-title":"Exploring potential mechanisms in alarm treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis","volume":"41","author":"Butler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1938.tb06395.x","article-title":"Enuresis\u2014A method for its study and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Mowrer","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2014.35033","article-title":"Family compliance with the use of alarm devices in the treatment of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis","volume":"40","author":"Oguz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/5\/053001","article-title":"Smart fabric sensors and e-textile technologies: A review","volume":"23","author":"Castano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, T., Silva, P., Carvalho, H., and Carvalho, M. (2011, January 27\u201329). Textile moisture sensor matrix for monitoring of disabled and bed-rest patients. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE EUROCON\u2014International Conference on Computer as a Tool, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2011.5929343"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014056","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2010\/T139\/014056","article-title":"Electrically conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)\u2013poly(styrene sulfonate)\/polyacrylonitrile fabrics for humidity sensors","volume":"139","author":"Panapoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12448","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Wearable Textile-Based Humidity Sensor Made of High-Strength, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube\/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Filaments","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.410","article-title":"Humidity Sensor Printed on Textile with Use of Ink-Jet Technology","volume":"47","author":"Weremczuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AST.80.77","article-title":"Feasibility of Printing Woven Humidity and Temperature Sensors for the Integration into Electronic Textiles","volume":"80","author":"Kinkeldei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2007.02.008","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of moisture levels in wound dressings in vitro: An experimental study","volume":"5","author":"McColl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"44","article-title":"Design of Textile Moisture Sensor for Enuresis Alarm System","volume":"7","author":"Parkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rigas Teh. Univ. Zinat. Raksti"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.604.146","article-title":"Woven Textile Moisture Sensor for Enuresis Alarm Treatment","volume":"604","author":"Parkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2011.614675","article-title":"Urinary Incontinence: A Vibration Alert System for Detecting Pad Overflow","volume":"23","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.01.147","article-title":"Development of a Smart Garment Prototype with Enuresis Alarm Using an Embroidery-machine-based Technique for the Integration of Electronic Components","volume":"104","author":"Briedis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.06.016","article-title":"Do Sleeping Children Respond Better to a Smoke Alarm That Uses Their Mother\u2019s Voice?","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.02812.x","article-title":"High initial efficacy of full-spectrum therapy for nocturnal enuresis in children and adolescents: Efficacy of full-spectrum therapy for nocturnal enuresis","volume":"90","author":"Bogaert","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.11.059","article-title":"Electrical conductivity measurements of urine as a new simplified method to evaluate the diuretic activity of medicinal plants","volume":"151","author":"Abdala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-009-0228-y","article-title":"Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in urine","volume":"38","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/9\/1813","article-title":"Bladder volume estimation from electrical impedance tomography","volume":"35","author":"Schlebusch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaubert, V., Gidik, H., Bodart, N., and Koncar, V. (2020). Investigating the Impact of Washing Cycles on Silver-Plated Textile Electrodes: A Complete Study. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061739"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foo, E.W., Pettys-Baker, R.M., Sullivan, S., and Dunne, L.E. (2017). Bi-metallic stitched e-textile sensors for sensing salinized liquids. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers\u2014ISWC \u201917, Maui, HI, USA, 11\u201315 September 2017, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/3123021.3123057"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3074","article-title":"Environmental surface degradation of galvanised and mild steels in cattle and poultry wastes and urea solution","volume":"6","author":"Loto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/004051758605600702","article-title":"Spreading of Liquids in Textile Assemblies Part I: Capillary Spreading of Liquids","volume":"56","author":"Kawase","year":"1986","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90031-X","article-title":"Capillary sorption in fibrous assemblies","volume":"83","author":"Kissa","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(87)85033-8","article-title":"The anodic behavior of silver in chloride solutions\u2014I. The formation and reduction of thin silver chloride films","volume":"32","author":"Birss","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4916831","article-title":"Real-time sweat analysis via alternating current conductivity of artificial and human sweat","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/3.1.37","article-title":"Measurement of the Electrical Conductivity of Sweat","volume":"3","author":"Licht","year":"1957","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/12\/3546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:41:42Z","timestamp":1760175702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/12\/3546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s20123546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20123546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]}}}