{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:24:24Z","timestamp":1774628664599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years there has been an increasing need for miniature, low-cost, commercially accessible, and user-friendly sensor solutions for wireless body area networks (WBAN), which has led to the adoption of new physical communication interfaces providing distinctive advantages over traditional wireless technologies. Ultra-wideband (UWB) and intrabody communication (IBC) have been the subject of intensive research in recent years due to their promising characteristics as means for short-range, low-power, and low-data-rate wireless interfaces for interconnection of various sensors and devices placed on, inside, or in the close vicinity of the human body. The need for safe and standardized solutions has resulted in the development of two relevant standards, IEEE 802.15.4 (for UWB) and IEEE 802.15.6 (for UWB and IBC), respectively. This paper presents an in-depth overview of recent studies and advances in the field of application of UWB and IBC technologies for wireless body sensor communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T10:36:54Z","timestamp":1593081414000},"page":"3587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Wireless Body Sensor Communication Systems Based on UWB and IBC Technologies: State-of-the-Art and Open Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-0277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u010culjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Lu\u010dev Vasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Hrvoje","family":"Mihaldinec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Hrvoje","family":"D\u017eapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, P.S., and Hao, Y. (2006). Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Artech House. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20070537"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbia, D.B., Alam, M.M., Moullec, Y.L., and Hamida, E.B. (2017). Communication Challenges in on-Body and Body-to-Body Wearable Wireless Networks\u2014A Connectivity Perspective. Technologies, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies5030043"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2018.2827779","article-title":"Channel Characteristics and Wireless Telemetry Performance of Transplanted Organ Monitoring System Using Ultrawideband Communication","volume":"2","author":"Leelatien","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2878943","article-title":"Secure Wireless Communications Based on Compressive Sensing: A Survey","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11449","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2935634","article-title":"Impact of Body Wearable Sensor Positions on UWB Ranging","volume":"19","author":"Otim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samal, P.B., Jack Soh, P., and Zakaria, Z. (April, January 31). Compact and Wearable Microstrip-based Textile Antenna with Full Ground Plane Designed for WBAN-UWB 802.15.6 Application. Proceedings of the 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8283236"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e4rest\u00f6niemi, M., Kissi, C., Raez, C.P., Kumpuniemi, T., Sonkki, M., Myllym\u00e4ki, S., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., and Iinatti, J. (2019, January 8\u201310). Measurement and Simulation Based Study on UWB Channel Characteristics on the Abdomen Area. Proceedings of the 2019 13th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2019.8743940"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2883634","article-title":"Experimental Analysis of Ultra-Wideband Body-to-Body Communication Channel Characterization in an Indoor Environment","volume":"67","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, X., Ramzan, M., Zhang, Q., P\u00e9rez-Simbor, S., Wang, Q., Neumann, N., Garcia-Pardo, C., Cardona, N., and Plettemeier, D. (2019, January 8\u201310). Experimental In-Body to On-Body and In-Body to In-Body Path Loss Models of Planar Elliptical Ring Implanted Antenna in the Ultra-Wide Band. Proceedings of the 2019 13th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2019.8743676"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amir, N.F., Jusoh, M., Isa, M.M., Sabapathy, T., Al-Bawri, S.S., Rahim, H.A., Osman, M.N., and Yasin, M.N. (2019, January 28\u201330). A Flexible UWB Antenna for Wearable Technologies Application. Proceedings of the 2019 6th International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace), Johor, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IconSpace.2019.8905953"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Bardan, R., Malaviya, D., and Di Rienzo, A. (2017, January 13\u201315). On the estimation of respiration and heart rates via an IR-UWB radar: An algorithmic perspective. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Antennas, Communications and Electronic Systems (COMCAS), Tel-Aviv, Israel.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMCAS.2017.8244781"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kjelgard, K.G., Tommer, M., Lande, T.S., Wisland, D.T., Stoa, S., Kloboe, L.G., and Edvardsen, T. (2017, January 19\u201321). Heart wall velocity sensing using pulsed radar. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2017.8325157"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication","volume":"2018","author":"Seyedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Goh, J. (2013, January 4\u20137). Effect of transmitter and receiver electrodes configurations on the capacitive intrabody communication channel from 100 kHz to 100 MHz. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference in Biomedical Engineering Proceedings, Singapore. IFMBE Proceedings: Volume 43."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2258766","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study Into Intrabody Communication Measurements","volume":"62","author":"Roa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Instrum. Meas. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L.-S., Sakai, J., Sun, H.-C., and Guo, Y.-X. (2013, January 9\u201311). Matching network to improve the transmission level of capacitive intra-body communication (IBC) channels. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-BIO.2013.6756197"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharpurey, R., and Kinget, P. (2008). Ultra Wideband: Circuits, Transceivers and Systems, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-69278-4"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrawideband Technology in Medicine: A Survey","volume":"2012","author":"Balasingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebe, M., Gadhafi, R., Mohammad, B., Sanduleanu, M., Saleh, H., and Al-Qutayri, M. (2020). Human Vital Signs Detection Methods and Potential Using Radars: A Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051454"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J., Hong, H., Zhao, H., Li, Y., Gu, C., and Zhu, X. (2016). Through-Wall Multiple Targets Vital Signs Tracking Based on VMD Algorithm. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081293"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., and Cho, S.H. (2017). A Detailed Algorithm for Vital Sign Monitoring of a Stationary\/Non-Stationary Human through IR-UWB Radar. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020290"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1470","article-title":"Respiration and Heartbeat Rates Measurement Based on Autocorrelation Using IR-UWB Radar","volume":"65","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Bocca, M., Jain, V., and Mohapatra, P. (2018, January 16\u201319). Contactless Breathing Rate Monitoring in Vehicle Using UWB Radar. Proceedings of the RealWSN\u201918, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3277883.3277884"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2799322","article-title":"Vital Sign Monitoring Through the Back Using an UWB Impulse Radar With Body Coupled Antennas","volume":"12","author":"Schires","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., Ghaffar, A., Khan, N., and Cho, S.H. (2020). An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Remote Health Monitoring Using Impulse Radio UWB Transceiver. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092479"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilger, I., Dahlke, K., Rimkus, G., Geyer, C., Seifert, F., Kosch, O., Thiel, F., Hein, M., di Clemente, F.S., and Schwarz, U. (2013). ultraMEDIS\u2014Ultra-Wideband Sensing in Medicine. Ultra-Wideband Radio Technol. Commun. Localization Sens. Appl.","DOI":"10.5772\/55081"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terashima, K., Yamaguchi, S., Nagayama, Y., Hanashima, T., Moriyama, T., Tanaka, T., and Tsuchiya, H. (2018, January 1\u20134). Development of UWB Microwave Mammography with Multi-Polarization. Proceedings of the 2018 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS-Toyama), Toyama, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/PIERS.2018.8597749"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2887083","article-title":"Detectability of Breast Tumors in Excised Breast Tissues of Total Mastectomy by IR-UWB-Radar-Based Breast Cancer Detector","volume":"66","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2805731","article-title":"Human Abdomen Path-Loss Modeling and Location Estimation of Wireless Capsule Endoscope Using Round-Trip Propagation Loss","volume":"18","author":"Ara","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55953","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2982247","article-title":"WBAN Channel Characteristics Between Capsule Endoscope and Receiving Directive UWB On-Body Antennas","volume":"8","author":"Kissi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Santiago, R., Wang, J., and Balasingham, I. (2013, January 15\u201318). The ultra wideband capsule endoscope. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2013.6663825"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, H.-S., Lyu, H.-K., and Park, Y.-J. (2015, January 28\u201330). Noninvasive heartbeat extraction from IR UWB radar signals. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2015.7354717"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22101","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2761771","article-title":"An Improved Algorithm for Through-Wall Target Detection Using Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radar","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2922775","article-title":"Coherent UWB Radar-on-Chip for In-Body Measurement of Cardiovascular Dynamics","volume":"13","author":"Lauteslager","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J., Bae, J., and Yoo, H.-J. (2019, January 14\u201317). Understanding Body Channel Communication: A review: From history to the future applications. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2019.8780224"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2018.2848228","article-title":"A Review of Implant Communication Technology in WBAN: Progress and Challenges","volume":"12","author":"Teshome","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.2966285","article-title":"The Role and Challenges of Body Channel Communication in Wearable Flexible Electronics","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on Human Body Communication: Signal Propagation Model, Communication Performance, and Experimental Issues","volume":"2017","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enabling Covert Body Area Network using Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2012). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Part 15.6: Wireless Body Area Networks, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2205491","article-title":"A capacitive intrabody communication channel from 100 kHz to 100 MHz","volume":"61","author":"Krois","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effect of transformer symmetry on intrabody communication channel measurements using grounded instruments","volume":"57","author":"Krois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. J. Control Meas. Electron. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"105","article-title":"Wireless Body Sensor Networks: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Sangwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hybrid Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2668612","article-title":"A Review of In-Body Biotelemetry Devices: Implantables, Ingestibles, and Injectables","volume":"64","author":"Kiourti","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., Taparugssanagorn, A., Tesi, R., and Iinatti, J. (2009, January 9\u201311). Wireless medical communications using UWB. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2009.5288769"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Lazaro, A., Girbau, D., Villarino, R., and Ramos, A. (2011, January 12\u201314). Vital signs monitoring using impulse based UWB signal. Proceedings of the 2011 41st European Microwave Conference, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"6344","article-title":"ECG Monitoring System Integrated With IR-UWB Radar Based on CNN","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Soh, C.B., Gunawan, E., Low, K.-S., and Maskooki, A. (2013, January 3\u20137). Using wearable UWB radios to measure foot clearance during walking. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2309977","article-title":"Localization of Wearable Ultrawideband Antennas for Motion Capture Applications","volume":"13","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2253487","article-title":"A novel approach to joint flexion\/extension angles measurement based on wearable UWB radios","volume":"18","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19156-0_2","article-title":"Analysis and Comparison of the IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.15.6 Wireless Standards Based on MAC Layer","volume":"Volume 9085","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Information Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2634593","article-title":"An Ultra Wideband Survey: Global Regulations and Impulse Radio Research Based on Standards","volume":"19","author":"Haapola","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2011). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2007). 802154a-2007\u2014IEEE Standard for Information technology\u2014Local and metropolitan area networks\u2014Specific requirements\u2014Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs): Amendment 1: Add Alternate PHYs, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5394030","article-title":"An overview of the IEEE 802.15.4a Standard","volume":"48","author":"Karapistoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2011). IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 6 (BAN), IEEE. IEEE 802.15.6 tutorial."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, V., Knoefel, F., Goubran, R., and El-Tanany, M. (2017, January 16\u201319). Measurement of spontaneous body sway during quiet stand using UWB sensor. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Health Informatics (BHI), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2017.7897260"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, R., and Hadama, H. (2017, January 15\u201318). Target localization using multi-static UWB sensor for indoor monitoring system. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WISNET.2017.7878750"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghavami, M., Michael, L.B., and Kohno, R. (2007). Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470060490"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2014.0223","article-title":"Ultra-wideband radar-based accurate motion measuring: Human body landmark detection and tracking with biomechanical constraints","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sonar Navig. IET Radar"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nov\u00e1k, D., Kocur, D., and Dem\u010d\u00e1k, J. (2017, January 26\u201328). Static person detection and localization with estimation of person\u2019s breathing rate using single multistatic UWB radar. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI), Herl\u2019any, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAMI.2017.7880291"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guvenc, I., Gezici, S., and Sahinoglu, Z. (2008, January 10\u201312). Ultra-wideband range estimation: Theoretical limits and practical algorithms. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Hannover, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2008.4653424"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zekavat, S., and Buehrer, R.M. (2011). Handbook of Position Location: Theory, Practice, and Advances, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118104750"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2018.2813534","article-title":"Antenna Effects on Respiratory Rate Measurement Using a UWB Radar System","volume":"2","author":"Alemaryeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2951836","article-title":"UWB Channel Characterization for Compact L-Shape Configurations for Body-Centric Positioning Applications","volume":"19","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42177","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2861704","article-title":"Wearable Ultrawideband Technology\u2014A Review of Ultrawideband Antennas, Propagation Channels, and Applications in Wireless Body Area Networks","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5865","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4815-x","article-title":"Design Aspects of Body-Worn UWB Antenna for Body-Centric Communication: A Review","volume":"97","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risset, T., Goursaud, C., Brun, X., Marquet, K., and Meyer, F. (2018, January 24\u201327). UWB Ranging for Rapid Movement. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Nantes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533820"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridolfi, M., Vandermeeren, S., Defraye, J., Steendam, H., Gerlo, J., De Clercq, D., Hoebeke, J., and De Poorter, E. (2018). Experimental Evaluation of UWB Indoor Positioning for Sport Postures. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010168"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Dove, I. (2014). Analysis of Radio Propagation Inside the HumanBody for in-Body Localization Purposes. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/62.978359","article-title":"UWB radars in medicine","volume":"17","author":"Staderini","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn:20070140","article-title":"Hilbert-Huang transform analysis of human activities using through-wall noise and noise-like radar","volume":"2","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sonar Navig. IET Radar"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Leib, M., Menzel, W., Schleicher, B., and Schumacher, H. (2010, January 12\u201316). Vital signs monitoring with a UWB radar based on a correlation receiver. Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baboli, M., Boric-Lubecke, O., and Lubecke, V. (September, January 28). A new algorithm for detection of heart and respiration rate with UWB signals. Proceedings of the 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346830"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Nguyen, V., Javaid, A.Q., and Weitnauer, M.A. (2014, January 26\u201330). Spectrum-averaged Harmonic Path (SHAPA) algorithm for non-contact vital sign monitoring with ultra-wideband (UWB) radar. Proceedings of the 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202595","article-title":"Techniques for Clutter Suppression in the Presence of Body Movements during the Detection of Respiratory Activity through UWB Radars","volume":"14","author":"Lazaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2014.2359995","article-title":"Time-lapse imaging of human heart motion with switched array UWB radar","volume":"8","author":"Brovoll","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., and Jin, T. (2016). Short-Range Vital Signs Sensing Based on EEMD and CWT Using IR-UWB Radar. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201608.0206.v3"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2597824","article-title":"Phase-Based Methods for Heart Rate Detection Using UWB Impulse Doppler Radar","volume":"64","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leem, S.K., Khan, F., and Cho, S.H. (2017). Vital Sign Monitoring and Mobile Phone Usage Detection Using IR-UWB Radar for Intended Use in Car Crash Prevention. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061240"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2878607","article-title":"Detection of Breathing and Heart Rates in UWB Radar Sensor Data Using FVPIEF-Based Two-Layer EEMD","volume":"19","author":"Shyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yim, D., Lee, W., Kim, J., Kim, K., Ahn, D., Lim, Y.-H., Cho, S., Park, H.-K., and Cho, S. (2019). Quantified Activity Measurement for Medical Use in Movement Disorders through IR-UWB Radar Sensor. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030688"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.-H., Geem, Z.W., and Han, G.-T. (2019). A Novel Human Respiration Pattern Recognition Using Signals of Ultra-Wideband Radar Sensor. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153340"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"\u010culjak, I., Mihaldinec, H., Lu\u010dev Vasi\u0107, \u017d, Friganovi\u0107, K., D\u017eapo, H., and Cifrek, M. (2019, January 27\u201330). A Contactless Human Respiration Rate Measurement Using UWB Transversal Propagation Method. Proceedings of the 2019 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2016.2630001","article-title":"Wireless Vital Sign Monitoring Using Penetrating Impulses","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhotska, L., Sukupova, L., Lackovi\u0107, I., and Ibbott, G.S. (2018, January 3\u20138). UWB Platform for Vital Signs Detection and Monitoring. Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018, Prague, Czech.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-9038-7"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2891717","article-title":"UWB Path Loss Models for Ingestible Devices","volume":"67","author":"Andreu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Sugimoto, C., Farhadi, H., and H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M. (2020, January 21\u201322). Low-UWB Directive Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Localization. Proceedings of the 13th EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks, Tallinn, Estonia."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., and Cho, S.H. (2016, January 12\u201314). IR-UWB radar sensor for human gesture recognition by using machine learning. Proceedings of the Proceedings\u201418th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 14th IEEE International Conference on Smart City and 2nd IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Systems, HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS 2016, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS.2016.0176"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, X., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J.J., and Davidson, B. (2014, January 2\u20135). Ultra-wideband radar based human body landmark detection and tracking with biomedical constraints for human motion measuring. Proceedings of the 2014 48th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2014.7094768"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2190707","article-title":"Through-Wall Detection of Human Being\u2019s Movement by UWB Radar","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Parini, C., and Alomainy, A. (2015, January 14\u201316). UWB Sensor Nodes for Tracking of Human Motion in Medical and Rehabilitation Applications. Proceedings of the 5th EAI International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare\u2014\u201cTransforming Healthcare through Innovations in Mobile and Wireless Technologies\u201d, London, UK.","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.14-10-2015.2261745"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Parini, C.G., and Alomainy, A. (2014, January 10\u201311). Experimental investigation of 3D localisation of an on-body UWB antenna using several base stations. Proceedings of the 2014 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2014.6996349"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2459532","article-title":"UWB-Aided Inertial Motion Capture for Lower Body 3-D Dynamic Activity and Trajectory Tracking","volume":"64","author":"Zihajehzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59884","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2913897","article-title":"Body Sensor Network-Based Gait Quality Assessment for Clinical Decision-Support via Multi-Sensor Fusion","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashhar, K., Soh, C.B., and Kong, K.H. (2018, January 7\u201310). Wireless Ultrawideband Sensor Network for Gait Analysis in Rehabilitation Clinics. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Miyazaki, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2018.00264"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekonnen, Z.W., Slottke, E., Luecken, H., Steiner, C., and Wittneben, A. (2010, January 15\u201317). Constrained maximum likelihood positioning for UWB based human motion tracking. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, Campus Science City (Hoenggerberg), Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2010.5647912"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2639530","article-title":"Robust Biomechanical Model-Based 3-D Indoor Localization and Tracking Method Using UWB and IMU","volume":"17","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Z., Liu, S., Wang, W., and Wang, L. (2017, January 13\u201315). Infrastructure-free indoor pedestrian tracking based on foot mounted UWB\/IMU sensor fusion. Proceedings of the 2017 11th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), Gold Coast, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCS.2017.8270492"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2018.2811339","article-title":"An Electromagnetic Model of Human Vital Signs Detection and Its Experimental Validation","volume":"8","author":"Nahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"McEwan, T.E. (1996). Body Monitoring and Imaging Apparatus and Method 1996. (5,573,012), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"McEwan, T.E. (1998). Body Monitoring and Imaging Apparatus and Method 1998. (5,766,208), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2908198","article-title":"Noncontact RF Vital Sign Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Driver Status","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e4rest\u00f6niemi, M., Pomalaza-R\u00e1ez, C., Berg, M., Kissi, C., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., and Iinatti, J. (2019, January 2\u20133). UWB-WBAN Radio Channel Characteristics between the Endoscope Capsule and On-body Antenna. Proceedings of the EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34833-5_27"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC19122204","article-title":"Receiving Uwb Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Communications","volume":"101","author":"Kissi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, F., Liu, H., Li, B., Shi, J., and Wang, J. (2019, January 16\u201319). HBC-UWB Channel Modeling for In-body to On-body Communication Link. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT46805.2019.8947164"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumpuniemi, T., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J.-P., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., Yazdandoost, K.Y., and Iinatti, J. (2019, January 8\u201310). Measurements and Analysis on Dynamic Off-Body Radio Channels at UWB Frequencies. Proceedings of the 2019 13th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2019.8743794"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Chang, S., Chu, T.-S., Roderick, J., Du, C., Mercer, T., Burdick, J.W., and Hashemi, H. (2011, January 14\u201316). UWB human detection radar system: A RF CMOS chip and algorithm integrated sensor. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, Y.-Y., Hsu, W.-H., Yeh, S.-C., Li, Y.-C., and Wu, J.-S. (2012, January 13\u201316). Fuzzy support vector machines for device-free localization. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2012.6229338"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Chang, S., Wolf, M., and Burdick, J.W. (2010, January 3\u20138). Human detection and tracking via Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radar. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Anchorage, Alaska."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan, J., and Kim, Y. (2010, January 11\u201317). Classification of human activities on UWB radar using a support vector machine. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2010.5561935"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2011.0101","article-title":"Application of ultra-wide band radar for classification of human activities","volume":"6","author":"Bryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sonar Navig. IET Radar"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2281813","article-title":"Adaptive Through-Wall Indication of Human Target with Different Motions","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Liu, C., Zeng, Z., Li, J., and Zhang, X. (2016, January 13\u201316). Detection of human\u2019s motions through a wall using UWB radar. Proceedings of the 2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGPR.2016.7572620"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2011.0565","article-title":"Body-centric ultra-wideband multi-channel characterisation and spatial diversity in the indoor environment","volume":"7","author":"Catherwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antennas Propag. IET Microw."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2694555","article-title":"Non-Wearable UWB Sensor for Human Identification in Smart Home","volume":"17","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., He, J., Zhang, X., Zhou, X., and Duan, S. (2019). Towards Human Motion Tracking: Multi-Sensory IMU\/TOA Fusion Method and Fundamental Limits. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020142"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kok, M., Hol, J.D., and Sch\u00f6n, T.B. (2017). Using Inertial Sensors for Position and Orientation Estimation, Now.","DOI":"10.1561\/9781680833577"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharadwaj, R., Parini, C., and Alomainy, A. (2014, January 6\u201311). Indoor tracking of human movements using UWB technology for motion capture. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2014.6902221"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2396640","article-title":"Indoor Positioning Using Ultrawideband and Inertial Measurements","volume":"64","author":"Kok","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Persson, A. (2018). Platform Development of Body Area Network for Gait Symmetry Analysis Using IMU and UWB Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, M\u00e4lardalen University]."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekonnen, Z.W., and Wittneben, A. (2011, January 7\u20138). Localization via Taylor series approximation for UWB based human motion tracking. Proceedings of the Navigation and Communication 2011 8th Workshop on Positioning, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2011.5961019"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.09.014","article-title":"Geometrical kinematic modeling on human motion using method of multi-sensor fusion","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-019-00426-x","article-title":"3D Localization Performance Evaluation using IMU\/TOA Fusion Methods","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"(2020, May 29). Decawave. Available online: https:\/\/www.decawave.com\/."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). Ubisense\u2014Transforming Physical Space into SmartSpace. Available online: https:\/\/ubisense.com\/."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2016.2521823","article-title":"A Novel Biomechanical Model-Aided IMU\/UWB Fusion for Magnetometer-Free Lower Body Motion Capture","volume":"47","author":"Zihajehzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). Humatics\u2014Leading Microlocation Systems for the Industrial World. Available online: https:\/\/www.humatics.com\/."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). Blinksight\u2014Accurate Indoor Positioning System. Available online: https:\/\/www.blinksight.com\/."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). BeSpoon\u2014Inch-Level Indoor Location Based on Ultra-Wideband Technology. Available online: http:\/\/bespoon.com\/."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2681398","article-title":"Comparing Ubisense, BeSpoon, and DecaWave UWB Location Systems: Indoor Performance Analysis","volume":"66","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). Home|Pozyx. Available online: https:\/\/www.pozyx.io\/."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, C., Tailor, S.A., and Lane, N.D. (2020, January 30\u201331). Are Accelerometers for Activity Recognition a Dead-end?. Proceedings of the 21st International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3376897.3377867"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27490","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901940","article-title":"Robust Kalman Filter Algorithm Based on Generalized Correntropy for Ultra-Wideband Ranging in Industrial Environment","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Z., Liu, S., and Wang, L. (2018, January 21). UWB\/IMU integration approach with NLOS identification and mitigation. Proceedings of the 2018 52nd Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Princeton, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2018.8362197"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macoir, N., Bauwens, J., Jooris, B., Van Herbruggen, B., Rossey, J., Hoebeke, J., and De Poorter, E. (2019). UWB Localization with Battery-Powered Wireless Backbone for Drone-Based Inventory Management. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030467"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiemann, J., Elmasry, Y., Koring, L., and Wietfeld, C. (2019, January 20\u201324). ATLAS FaST: Fast and Simple Scheduled TDOA for Reliable Ultra-Wideband Localization. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8793737"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian Sang, C., Adams, M., H\u00f6rmann, T., Hesse, M., Porrmann, M., and R\u00fcckert, U. (2019). Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of Error Estimation for Two-Way Ranging Methods. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030616"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidorenko, J., Schatz, V., Scherer-Negenborn, N., Arens, M., and Hugentobler, U. (2019). Decawave UWB Clock Drift Correction and Power Self-Calibration. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132942"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Pardo, C., Fornes-Leal, A., Cardona, N., Ch\u00e1vez-Santiago, R., Bergsland, J., Balasingham, I., Brovoll, S., Aardal, \u00d8., Hamran, S.-E., and Palomar, R. (2016, January 4\u20137). Experimental ultra wideband path loss models for implant communications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2016.7794780"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2018.2799930","article-title":"A Miniature Mode Reconfigurable Inductorless IR-UWB Transmitter\u2013Receiver for Wireless Short-Range Communication and Vital-Sign Sensing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e4rest\u00f6niemi, M., Pomalaza-Raez, C., Berg, M., Kissi, C., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., and Iinatti, J. (2019, January 27\u201330). In-Body Power Distribution for Abdominal Monitoring and Implant Communications Systems. Proceedings of the 2019 16th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), Oulu, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2019.8877274"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kissi, C., S\u00e4rest\u00f6niemi, M., Kumpuniemi, T., Sonkki, M., Myllym\u00e4ki, S., Srifi, M.N., and Pomalaza Raez, C. (2019, January 8\u201310). Low-UWB Receiving Antenna for WCE Localization. Proceedings of the 2019 13th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2019.8743673"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2879643","article-title":"Comprehensive Survey of Galvanic Coupling and Alternative Intra-Body Communication Technologies","volume":"21","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101740","article-title":"Modeling and Characterization of the Implant Intra-Body Communication Based on Capacitive Coupling Using a Transfer Function Method","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Song, Y., Wang, G., Hao, Q., and Zang, K. (2016, January 11\u201313). Characterization of the implantable intra-body communication based on capacitive coupling by transfer function. Proceedings of the 2016 10th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2016.7796259"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J., and Yoo, H.-J. (2018, January 17\u201319). A Capsule Endoscope System for Wide Visualization Field and Location Tracking. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Cleveland, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2018.8584812"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2018.2873630","article-title":"A Four-Camera VGA-Resolution Capsule Endoscope System With 80-Mb\/s Body Channel Communication Transceiver and Sub-Centimeter Range Capsule Localization","volume":"54","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2940827","article-title":"Comparable Investigation of Characteristics for Implant Intra-body Communication Based on Galvanic and Capacitive Coupling","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maity, S., Nath, M., Bhattacharya, G., Chatterjee, B., and Sen, S. (2020). On the Safety of Human Body Communication. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2986464"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0473-9","article-title":"Electrical exposure analysis of galvanic-coupled intra-body communication based on the empirical arm models","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/IMM.2019.8868277","article-title":"Human body communication: Channel characterization issues","volume":"22","author":"Coronel","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"704","article-title":"A First Approach to the Harmonization of Intrabody Communications Measurements","volume":"Volume 39","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the WC2012 World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2301165","article-title":"Investigation of Galvanic-Coupled Intrabody Communication Using the Human Body Circuit Model","volume":"18","author":"Kibret","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nath, M., Maity, S., and Sen, S. (2019). Towards Understanding the Return Path Capacitance in Capacitive Human Body Communication. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2019.2953682"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Mao, J., Zhou, T., Lai, L., Yang, H., and Zhao, B. (2018, January 27\u201330). An Auto Loss Compensation System for Non-contact Capacitive Coupled Body Channel Communication. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351340"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2444916","article-title":"Measurement Issues in Galvanic Intrabody Communication: Influence of Experimental Setup","volume":"62","author":"Roa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2879462","article-title":"BioPhysical Modeling, Characterization and Optimization of Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication","volume":"66","author":"Maity","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2560881","article-title":"Channel Modeling of Miniaturized Battery-Powered Capacitive Human Body Communication Systems","volume":"64","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2007.895640","article-title":"The human body characteristics as a signal transmission medium for intrabody communication","volume":"55","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu\u010dev, \u017d., Krois, I., and Cifrek, M. (2011, January 10\u201312). A capacitive intrabody communication channel from 100 kHz to 100 MHz. Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2011.5944311"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2420391","article-title":"Characterization and Modeling of the Capacitive HBC Channel","volume":"64","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2031449","article-title":"Signal Transmission by Galvanic Coupling Through the Human Body","volume":"59","author":"Oberle","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"260","article-title":"On the Transformer Effects in the Measurements of Capacitive Intrabody Communication Transmission Characteristics Using Grounded Instruments","volume":"Volume 45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakai, J., Wu, L.-S., Sun, H.-C., and Guo, Y.-X. (2013, January 9\u201311). Balun\u2019s effect on the measurement of transmission characteristics for intrabody communication channel. Proceedings of the Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), 2013 IEEE MTT-S International, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-BIO.2013.6756245"},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Xu, R., Zhu, H., and Yuan, J. (2009, January 1\u20135). Characterization and analysis of intra-body communication channel. Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI \u201909), Charleston, South Carolina."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Ott, H.W. (1988). Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2498761","article-title":"A 79 pJ\/b 80 Mb\/s Full-Duplex Transceiver and a 42.5 \u00b5W 100 kb\/s Super-Regenerative Transceiver for Body Channel Communication","volume":"51","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucchi, L., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M., Jayousi, S., and Morosi, S. (2019, January 2\u20133). Capacitive Body-Coupled Communication in the 400\u2013500MHz Frequency Band. Proceedings of the Body Area Networks: Smart IoT and Big Data for Intelligent Health Management, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34833-5"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Krha\u010d, K., Sayrafian, K., Noetscher, G., and \u0160imuni\u0107, D. (2019, January 23\u201327). A Simulation Platform to Study the Human Body Communication Channel. Proceedings of the 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2634121","article-title":"Investigation and Modeling of Capacitive Human Body Communication","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2683532","article-title":"An Investigation on Ground Electrodes of Capacitive Coupling Human Body Communication","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2018.2800529","article-title":"Characterization of Human Body Forward Path Loss and Variability Effects in Voltage-Mode HBC","volume":"28","author":"Maity","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2216880","article-title":"On the effect of body capacitance to ground in tetrapolar bioimpedance measurements","volume":"59","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2308513","article-title":"Extended Noisy-Channel Models for Capacitively Coupled Personal Area Network Under Influence of a Wall","volume":"62","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Zimmerman, T.G. (1995). Personal Area Networks (PAN): Near-Field Intra-Body Communication. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano-Finetti, R.E., and Pallas-Areny, R. (2007, January 1\u20133). On the Use of Decoupling Capacitors in Autonomous Sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC) 2007, Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2007.379309"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2197212","article-title":"Equation Environment Coupling and Interference on the Electric-Field Intrabody Communication Channel","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5405\/jmbe.1733","article-title":"Effect of Limb Joints and Limb Movement on Intrabody Communications for Body Area Network Applications","volume":"34","author":"Seyedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng. JMBE"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2695058","article-title":"A Self-Adaptive Capacitive Compensation Technique for Body Channel Communication","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-017-0338-3","article-title":"Evaluation of Ground Loop Through the Floor in Human Body Communication","volume":"24","author":"Sasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linnartz, J.-P.M.G. (2013, January 21). Rules of thumb for predicting path loss in body coupled communication channels. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 20th Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT), Namur, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCVT.2013.6736009"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2923780","article-title":"An Auto Loss Compensation System for Capacitive-Coupled Body Channel Communication","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, T., Yan, L., Park, J.H., Wu, H., Zhang, L., Lee, H.Y.B., and Yoo, J. (2020, January 2\u20136). 34.6 EEG Dust: A BCC-Based Wireless Concurrent Recording\/Transmitting Concentric Electrode. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference\u2014(ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC19947.2020.9063054"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Jang, J., Lee, J., and Yoo, H. (2019, January 4\u20136). A battery-less 31 \u00b5W HBC receiver with RF energy harvester for implantable devices. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC), Macao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/A-SSCC47793.2019.9056908"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2020.2978852","article-title":"An Implantable Body Channel Communication System With 3.7-pJ\/b Reception and 34-pJ\/b Transmission Efficiencies","volume":"3","author":"Yuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Lett."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10141","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2706300","article-title":"On the Placement of On-Body Antennas for Ultra Wideband Capsule Endoscopy","volume":"5","author":"Brumm","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29425","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902104","article-title":"Communication Aspects for a Measurement Based UWB In-Body to On-Body Channel","volume":"7","author":"Floor","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0379-y","article-title":"Investigation of implantable signal transmission characteristics based on visible data of the human leg","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M.J., Kang, T., Lim, I.G., Oh, K.-I., Kim, S.-E., Lee, J.-J., and Park, H.-I. (2018). Low-Power, High Data-Rate Digital Capsule Endoscopy Using Human Body Communication. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091414"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20073455","article-title":"Development and characterisation of tissue equivalent materials for frequency range 30-300 MHz","volume":"43","author":"Peyman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castell\u00f3-Palacios, S., Vall\u00e9s-Lluch, A., Garcia-Pardo, C., Fornes-Leal, A., and Cardona, N. (2017, January 6\u20138). Formulas for easy-to-prepare tailored phantoms at 2.4 GHz ISM band. Proceedings of the 2017 11th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2017.7891760"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250050408","article-title":"Formulas for preparing phantom muscle tissue at various radiofrequencies","volume":"5","author":"Chou","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/22.127527","article-title":"Muscle-equivalent phantom materials for 10\u2013100 MHz","volume":"40","author":"Hagmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2017). , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [97th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315380476"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42812","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2849709","article-title":"Physical Multi-Layer Phantoms for Intra-Body Communications","volume":"6","author":"Khorshid","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldari, M., Albatat, M., Bergsland, J., Haddab, Y., Jabbour, C., and Desgreys, P. (2020). Wide frequency characterization of Intra-Body Communication for Leadless Pacemakers. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2980205"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu\u010dev Vasi\u0107, \u017d, Cifrek, M., Gao, Y., and Du, M. (2020, January 25\u201328). Preliminary Characterization of Capacitive Intrabody Communication Channel under Implantable-Like Conditions. Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC2020), Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC43012.2020.9128564"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0604-6","article-title":"Channel modeling and power consumption analysis for galvanic coupling intra-body communication","volume":"2016","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"213705","article-title":"Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications: Protocol Stack Review","volume":"11","author":"Filipe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"443","article-title":"A Review of State-of-the-Art on Wireless Body Area Networks","volume":"11","author":"Yazdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. Ijacsa"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2016.11.001","article-title":"Survey of main challenges (security and privacy) in wireless body area networks for healthcare applications","volume":"18","author":"Shojafar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. Inform. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/12\/3587\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:42:38Z","timestamp":1760175758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/12\/3587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s20123587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20123587","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]}}}