{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:17:01Z","timestamp":1783459021135,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["NS2016091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS2016091"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep neural networks have been successfully applied in domain adaptation which uses the labeled data of source domain to supplement useful information for target domain. Deep Adaptation Network (DAN) is one of these efficient frameworks, it utilizes Multi-Kernel Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MK-MMD) to align the feature distribution in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. However, DAN does not perform very well in feature level transfer, and the assumption that source and target domain share classifiers is too strict in different adaptation scenarios. In this paper, we further improve the adaptability of DAN by incorporating Domain Confusion (DC) and Classifier Adaptation (CA). To achieve this, we propose a novel domain adaptation method named C2DAN. Our approach first enables Domain Confusion (DC) by using a domain discriminator for adversarial training. For Classifier Adaptation (CA), a residual block is added to the source domain classifier in order to learn the difference between source classifier and target classifier. Beyond validating our framework on the standard domain adaptation dataset office-31, we also introduce and evaluate on the Comprehensive Cars (CompCars) dataset, and the experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework C2DAN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1593429437000},"page":"3606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["C2DAN: An Improved Deep Adaptation Network with Domain Confusion and Classifier Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y","article-title":"ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge","volume":"115","author":"Russakovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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