{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:54:48Z","timestamp":1780624488985,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is leading today\u2019s digital transformation. Relying on a combination of technologies, protocols, and devices such as wireless sensors and newly developed wearable and implanted sensors, IoT is changing every aspect of daily life, especially recent applications in digital healthcare. IoT incorporates various kinds of hardware, communication protocols, and services. This IoT diversity can be viewed as a double-edged sword that provides comfort to users but can lead also to a large number of security threats and attacks. In this survey paper, a new compacted and optimized architecture for IoT is proposed based on five layers. Likewise, we propose a new classification of security threats and attacks based on new IoT architecture. The IoT architecture involves a physical perception layer, a network and protocol layer, a transport layer, an application layer, and a data and cloud services layer. First, the physical sensing layer incorporates the basic hardware used by IoT. Second, we highlight the various network and protocol technologies employed by IoT, and review the security threats and solutions. Transport protocols are exhibited and the security threats against them are discussed while providing common solutions. Then, the application layer involves application protocols and lightweight encryption algorithms for IoT. Finally, in the data and cloud services layer, the main important security features of IoT cloud platforms are addressed, involving confidentiality, integrity, authorization, authentication, and encryption protocols. The paper is concluded by presenting the open research issues and future directions towards securing IoT, including the lack of standardized lightweight encryption algorithms, the use of machine-learning algorithms to enhance security and the related challenges, the use of Blockchain to address security challenges in IoT, and the implications of IoT deployment in 5G and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1593429437000},"page":"3625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":270,"title":["A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1376-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hichem","family":"Mrabet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of IT, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Medina 42376, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"SERCOM-Lab., Tunisia Polytechnic School, Carthage University, Tunis 1054, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0069-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Belguith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeeb","family":"Alhomoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderrazak","family":"Jemai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSAT, SERCOM-Lab., Tunisia Polytechnic School, Carthage University, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The internet of things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-014-9489-2","article-title":"The Internet of Things\u2014A survey of topics and trends","volume":"17","author":"Whitmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.12.008","article-title":"Internet of Things applications: A systematic review","volume":"148","author":"Asghari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabkhot, M.M., Al-Ahmari, A.M., Salah, B., and Alkhalefah, H. (2018). Requirements of the smart factory system: A survey and perspective. Machines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines6020023"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oueslati, N.E., Mrabet, H., Jemai, A., and Alhomoud, A. (2019, January 20\u201322). Comparative Study of the Common Cyber-physical Attacks in Industry 4.0. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Internet of Things, Embedded Systems and Communications (IINTEC), Tunis, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IINTEC48298.2019.9112097"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Abrams, M., and Weiss, J. (2008). Malicious Control System Cyber Security Attack Case Study\u2013Maroochy Water Services, Australia, The MITRE Corporation."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/23738871.2017.1366536","article-title":"Security and privacy in the internet of things","volume":"2","author":"Maple","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cyber Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ustundag, A., and Cevikcan, E. (2017). Industry 4.0: Managing the Digital Transformation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57870-5"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Gloukhovtsev, M. (2020, June 20). IoT Security: Challenges, Solutions & Future Prospects. Available online: https:\/\/education.dellemc.com\/content\/dam\/dell-emc\/documents\/en-us\/2018KS_Gloukhovtsev-IoT_Security_Challenges_Solutions_and_Future_Prospects.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2694844","article-title":"A survey on security and privacy issues in Internet-of-Things","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"8","article-title":"Internet of Things: A survey on the security of IoT frameworks","volume":"38","author":"Ammar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of things in industries: A survey","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammoudeh, M., Epiphaniou, G., Belguith, S., Unal, D., Adebisi, B., Baker, T., Kayes, A., and Watters, P. (2020). A service-oriented approach for sensing in the Internet of Things: Intelligent transportation systems and privacy use cases. IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2981558"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suo, H., Wan, J., Zou, C., and Liu, J. (2012, January 23\u201325). Security in the internet of things: A review. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSEE.2012.373"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"291","article-title":"A survey on Internet of Things architectures","volume":"30","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2953364","article-title":"Security of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures","volume":"22","author":"Butun","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, F., Hussain, R., Hassan, S.A., and Hossain, E. (2020). Machine learning in IoT security: Current solutions and future challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2986444"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattab, A., Jeddi, Z., Amini, E., and Bayoumi, M. (2017). RFID security threats and basic solutions. RFID Security, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47545-5"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Kher, S., and Somani, A. (2006, January 26). Distributed fault detection of wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2006 Workshop on Dependability Issues in Wireless ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1160972.1160985"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, A.P.R., Martins, M.H., Rocha, B.P., Loureiro, A.A., Ruiz, L.B., and Wong, H.C. (2005, January 13). Decentralized intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Quality of Service & Security in Wireless and Mobile Networks, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1089761.1089765"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2008.19","article-title":"Intrusion detection in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"173","article-title":"A survey on DDoS attack and defense strategies: From traditional schemes to current techniques","volume":"19","author":"Aamir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2298\/FUEE1902315O","article-title":"Feature selection for intrusion detection system in a cluster-based heterogeneous wireless sensor network","volume":"32","author":"Osanaiye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facta Univ. Ser. Electron. Energ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3721234","article-title":"A Survey on Secure Wireless Body Area Networks","volume":"2017","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.01.036","article-title":"Phoabe: Securely outsourcing multi-authority attribute based encryption with policy hidden for cloud assisted iot","volume":"133","author":"Belguith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belguith, S., Kaaniche, N., and Hammoudeh, M. (2019). Analysis of attribute-based cryptographic techniques and their application to protect cloud services. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol.","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3667"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasmi, M., Bahloul, F., and Tkitek, H. (2016, January 18\u201320). Smart home based on Internet of Things and cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2016 7th International Conference on Sciences of Electronics, Technologies of Information and Telecommunications (SETIT), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SETIT.2016.7939846"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10310","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2646120","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) in 5G wireless communications","volume":"4","author":"Ejaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2015.35021","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A literature review","volume":"3","author":"Madakam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.11.025","article-title":"Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) security: A survey","volume":"148","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0935-5","article-title":"A survey on near field communication (NFC) technology","volume":"71","author":"Coskun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bapat, C., Baleri, G., Inamdar, S., and Nimkar, A.V. (2017, January 13\u201316). Smart-lock security re-engineered using cryptography and steganography. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Security in Computing and Communication, Manipal, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6898-0_27"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Vafaei, R. (2020, June 20). Encryption of 4G Mobile Broadband Systems. Available online: https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/37977538\/Encryption_of_4G__mobile_broadband_.pdf?1435043247=&response-content-disposition=inline3B+filename3DEncryption_of_4G_mobile_broadband_system.pdf&Expires=1593318157&Signature=MnmQQhPUPwG2WDpoyoCvAN-lZ6QLH12S2wML3LHG9gPs5A3toNnjj60SKgXTmq~Bnb98RjoN5C5H8O8F~aACu8hu7KcBqvXaJiwtoE~rkwZWemqW7XMc-fclkKJTbSf-CFEY6vqc9FoeHmWMzBHcw4QDjgZvyKSsCtAYISPT6Vcu1bh7c4ToHumNNlVrjd37dUMOw83RCurhhbWxiIvf2R9DfVRWmBSZZTOC6gOVDsyQ77EMA7Uo7l97OKZYSGZ82xhblzPa~ye0e3Dz92tDSZGVs2zZB9Wg9GyU8ZZPasB2MNtHpOrXvoAZ3--c2FWXHpzDnwBFJIZqviQaG1RVFw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mira, F., and Alsmadi, I. (2019, January 4\u20136). Review of Analysis on IoT Components, Devices and Layers Security. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT), Tashkent, Uzbekistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISCT47635.2019.9012037"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Laurie, A., and Herfurt, M.H.M. (2004, January 27\u201329). Hacking Bluetooth enabled mobile phones and beyond\u2013Full Disclosure. Proceedings of the 21st Chaos Communication Congress, Berliner Congress Center, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Liao, M. (2020, June 20). Bluetooth Vulnerabilities in Data Security of Mobile Phones. Available online: https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/dissertations\/AAI1535052\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Becker, A., and Paar, I.C. (2007). Bluetooth Security & Hacks, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Katagi, M., and Moriai, S. (2008). Lightweight Cryptography for the Internet of Things, Sony Corporation."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belguith, S., Kaaniche, N., and Russello, G. (2019). CUPS: Secure opportunistic cloud of things framework based on attribute-based encryption scheme supporting access policy update. Secur. Priv.","DOI":"10.1002\/spy2.85"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belguith, S., Kaaniche, N., and Russello, G. (2018, January 26\u201328). Lightweight attribute-based encryption supporting access policy update for cloud assisted IoT. Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications-Volume 1: SECRYPT, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006854603010312"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.10.010","article-title":"A lightweight attribute-based encryption scheme for the Internet of Things","volume":"49","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.02.001","article-title":"Lightweight collaborative key establishment scheme for the Internet of Things","volume":"64","author":"Saied","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belguith, S., Kaaniche, N., Mohamed, M., and Russello, G. (2018). Coop-daab: Cooperative attribute based data aggregation for internet of things applications. OTM Confederated International Conferences \u201cOn the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems\u201d, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02610-3_28"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belguith, S., Kaaniche, N., Mohamed, M., and Russello, G. (2018, January 2\u20137). C-ABSC: Cooperative attribute based signcryption scheme for internet of things applications. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2018.00040"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mektoubi, A., Hassani, H.L., Belhadaoui, H., Rifi, M., and Zakari, A. (2016, January 28\u201329). New approach for securing communication over MQTT protocol A comparaison between RSA and Elliptic Curve. Proceedings of the 2016 Third International Conference on Systems of Collaboration (SysCo), Casablanca, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSCO.2016.7831326"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"215","article-title":"Networking protocols and standards for internet of things","volume":"2015","author":"Salman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Internet Things Data Anal. Handb."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragomir, D., Gheorghe, L., Costea, S., and Radovici, A. (2016, January 26\u201330). A survey on secure communication protocols for IoT systems. Proceedings of the 2016 International Workshop on Secure Internet of Things (SIoT), Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIoT.2016.012"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Alhomoud, A., Namanya, A.P., Disso, J.P., and Awan, I. (2020, June 20). A Se\/f\/-healing Framework for Enterprise Networks to Combat Botnets Infections. Available online: https:\/\/repository.nauss.edu.sa\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/64743\/A\/20Self-healing\/20Framework\/20for\/20Enterprise\/20networks\/20to\/20combat\/20Botnets\/20infections.pdf?sequence=5."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Antonakakis, M., April, T., Bailey, M., Bernhard, M., Bursztein, E., Cochran, J., Durumeric, Z., Halderman, J.A., Invernizzi, L., and Kallitsis, M. (2017, January 16\u201318). Understanding the mirai botnet. Proceedings of the 26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 17), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotey, S.D., Tchao, E.T., and Gadze, J.D. (2019). On Distributed Denial of Service Current Defense Schemes. Technologies, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies7010019"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Rajan, M., Shivraj, V., and Balamuralidhar, P. (2015, January 4\u20136). Secure MQTT for Internet of Things (IoT). Proceedings of the 2015 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, Gwalior, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT.2015.16"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2388550","article-title":"Security for the internet of things: A survey of existing protocols and open research issues","volume":"17","author":"Granjal","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizvi, S., Kurtz, A., Pfeffer, J., and Rizvi, M. (2018, January 1\u20133). Securing the internet of things (IoT): A security taxonomy for IoT. Proceedings of the 2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications\/12th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering (TrustCom\/BigDataSE), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom\/BigDataSE.2018.00034"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Greene, S.S. (2014). Security Program and Policies: Principles and Practices, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600397CM","article-title":"Rpl: The routing standard for the internet of things... or is it?","volume":"54","author":"Iova","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, S., Trivedi, M.C., Mishra, K.K., Misra, A., and Kumar, K.K. (2018). Smart Innovations in Communication and Computational Sciences: Proceedings of ICSICCS-2018, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2414-7"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Poschmann, A.Y. (2009). Lightweight Cryptography: Cryptographic Engineering for a Pervasive World. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ruhr University Bochum]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirai, T., Shibutani, K., Akishita, T., Moriai, S., and Iwata, T. (2007, January 26\u201328). The 128-bit blockcipher CLEFIA. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption, Luxembourg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74619-5_12"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"111","article-title":"A lightweight mutual authentication protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography for IoT devices","volume":"9","author":"Tewari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Intell. Paradig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4048","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1587","article-title":"Design of a new CP-ABE with constant-size secret keys for lightweight devices using elliptic curve cryptography","volume":"9","author":"Odelu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.10.002","article-title":"Machine learning for Internet of Things data analysis: A survey","volume":"4","author":"Mahdavinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2013.07.001","article-title":"Information extraction from sensor networks using the Watershed transform algorithm","volume":"22","author":"Hammoudeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derguech, W., Bruke, E., and Curry, E. (2014, January 9\u201312). An autonomic approach to real-time predictive analytics using open data and internet of things. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing and 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on Scalable Computing and Communications and Its Associated Workshops, Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC-ScalCom.2014.137"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2004.837813","article-title":"Travel-time prediction with support vector regression","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.1139","article-title":"Interpolation techniques for building a continuous map from discrete wireless sensor network data","volume":"13","author":"Hammoudeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22970","DOI":"10.3390\/s150922970","article-title":"Map as a service: A framework for visualising and maximising information return from multi-modalwireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Hammoudeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campello, R.J., Moulavi, D., and Sander, J. (2013). Density-based clustering based on hierarchical density estimates. Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37456-2_14"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2945362","article-title":"Saliencygan: Deep learning semi-supervised salient object detection in the fog of iot","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, H., Kavakli-Thorne, M., and Kumar, G. (2019). Applications of generative adversarial networks (gans): An updated review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-019-09388-y"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2020.103899","article-title":"A high-efficiency energy and storage approach for IoT applications of facial recognition","volume":"96","author":"Peixoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajesh, S., Paul, V., Menon, V.G., and Khosravi, M.R. (2019). A secure and efficient lightweight symmetric encryption scheme for transfer of text files between embedded IoT devices. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11020293"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2017.2702098","article-title":"A lightweight masked AES implementation for securing IoT against CPA attacks","volume":"64","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belguith, S., Kaaniche, N., and Russello, G. (2018, January 2\u20137). PU-ABE: Lightweight attribute-based encryption supporting access policy update for cloud assisted IoT. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2018.00137"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.11.012","article-title":"PROUD: Verifiable privacy-preserving outsourced attribute based signcryption supporting access policy update for cloud assisted IoT applications","volume":"111","author":"Belguith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.01.023","article-title":"Internet of Things: A survey on machine learning-based intrusion detection approaches","volume":"151","author":"Papa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doshi, R., Apthorpe, N., and Feamster, N. (2018, January 24). Machine learning ddos detection for consumer internet of things devices. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.037","article-title":"Defence for distributed denial of service attacks in cloud computing","volume":"73","author":"Carlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlin, A., Hammoudeh, M., and Aldabbas, O. (2015). Intrusion detection and countermeasure of virtual cloud systems-state of the art and current challenges. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., 6.","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2015.060601"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Li, W., Zia, T., and Zomaya, A.Y. (2017, January 6\u201310). A dimension reduction model and classifier for anomaly-based intrusion detection in internet of things. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 15th International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 15th International Conference on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 3rd International Conference on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC\/PiCom\/DataCom\/CyberSciTech), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC-PICom-DataCom-CyberSciTec.2017.141"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987","article-title":"Blockchain for internet of things: A survey","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2894573","article-title":"A blockchain-based solution for enhancing security and privacy in smart factory","volume":"15","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.05.005","article-title":"BSeIn: A blockchain-based secure mutual authentication with fine grained access control system for industry 4.0","volume":"116","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2882794","article-title":"Blockchain Technologies for the Internet of Things: Research Issues and Challenges","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2886703","article-title":"Distributed uplink offloading for IoT in 5G heterogeneous networks under private information constraints","volume":"6","author":"Kure","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.10.017","article-title":"Security for 4G and 5G cellular networks: A survey of existing authentication and privacy-preserving schemes","volume":"101","author":"Ferrag","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhatli, S., Mrabet, H., and Dayoub, I. (2019, January 1\u20133). Extensive Capacity Simulations of Massive MIMO Channels for 5G Mobile Communication System. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Security (ICCAIS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIS.2019.8769453"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrabet, H. (2020, January 19\u201321). Performance Investigation of New Waveforms in CRAN Architecture for 5G Communication Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 2020 3rd International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Security (ICCAIS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAIS48893.2020.9096676"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/13\/3625\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:43:56Z","timestamp":1760175836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/13\/3625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s20133625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20133625","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]}}}