{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T22:57:32Z","timestamp":1773615452092,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y universidades of Spanish Government","award":["MILLIHAND RTI2018-095825-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MILLIHAND RTI2018-095825-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno del Principado de Asturias and European Union (FEDER)","award":["GRUPIN-IDI-2018-000191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRUPIN-IDI-2018-000191"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An ultrathin, compact ecofriendly antenna suitable for IoT applications around 2.45 GHz is achieved as a result of exploring the use of Tencel fabric for the antenna\u2019s design. The botanical ecofriendly Tencel is electromagnetically characterized, in terms of relative dielectric permittivity and loss tangent, in the target IoT frequency band. To explore the suitability of the Tencel, a comparison is conducted with conventionally used RO3003, with similar relative dielectric permittivity, regarding the antenna dimensions and performance. In addition, the antenna robustness under bent conditions is also analyzed by measurement. To assess the relevance of this contribution, the ultrathin ecofriendly Tencel-based antenna is compared with recently published antennas for IoT in the same band and also, with commercial half-wave dipole by performing a range test on a ZigBee-based IoT testbed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T09:36:04Z","timestamp":1593509764000},"page":"3658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Paving the Way to Eco-Friendly IoT Antennas: Tencel-Based Ultra-Thin Compact Monopole and Its Applications to ZigBee"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2881-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"de Cos G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TSC. Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TSC. Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Fl\u00f3rez Berdasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TSC. Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7959-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Las-Heras Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TSC. Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Oviedo, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5121\/ijwmn.2016.8505","article-title":"Emerging wireless technologies in the Internet of Things: A comparative study","volume":"8","author":"Elkhodr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Networks"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2013.6586683","article-title":"Polypropylene-Based Dual-Band CPW-Fed Monopole Antenna","volume":"55","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2598729","article-title":"Dual-Band Dual-Mode Textile Antenna on PDMS Substrate for Body-Centric Communications","volume":"16","author":"Simorangkir","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48102","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2867696","article-title":"Polydimethylsiloxane-Embedded Conductive Fabric: Characterization and Application for Realization of Robust Passive and Active Flexible Wearable Antennas","volume":"6","author":"Simorangkir","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, A., Azab, M., and Shehata, N. (2017, January 3\u20135). Flexible paper-based wideband antenna for compact-size IoT devices. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2017.8117184"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.3135","article-title":"Design Methodology for Wearable Antenna on Artificial Magnetic Conductor Using Stretch Conductive Fabric","volume":"52","author":"Mantash","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2011.2784","article-title":"Wearable monopole zip antenna","volume":"47","author":"Mantash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics3020314","article-title":"Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Tsolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2295942","article-title":"Inkjet-Printed Microstrip Patch Antennas Realized on Textile for Wearable Applications","volume":"13","author":"Whittow","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2014574","article-title":"A textile antenna for off-body communication integrated into protective clothing for firefighters","volume":"57","author":"Hertleer","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2517673","article-title":"A Modular Textile Antenna Design Using Snap-on Buttons for Wearable Applications","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Song, B., Wu, F., Moon, K., Bahr, R., Tentzeris, M., and Wong, C. (June, January 29). Stretchable, Printable and Electrically Conductive Composites for Wearable RF Antennas. Proceedings of the IEEE 68th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Cos G\u00f3mez, M.E., Fern\u00e1ndez \u00c1lvarez, H., Puerto Valcarce, B., Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Olenick, J., and Las-Heras Andr\u00e9s, F. (2019). Zirconia-Based Ultra-Thin Compact Flexible CPW-Fed Slot Antenna for IoT. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143134"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., and Choi, J. (2017, January 9\u201314). A compact all-textile on-body SIW antenna for IoT applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072455"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Rogers Corp Laminates (2020, April 01). Datasheet of the RO3003 dielectric material. Available online: https:\/\/rogerscorp.com\/-\/media\/project\/rogerscorp\/documents\/advanced-connectivity-solutions\/english\/data-sheets\/ro3000-laminate-data-sheet-ro3003----ro3006----ro3010----ro3035.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, April 01). Directive 2011\/65\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32011L0065&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, April 01). Revolutionary Botanic Fabrics. Available online: https:\/\/textilsantanderina.com\/Tencel\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.903587","article-title":"A Review of Microstrip T-Resonator Method in Determining the Dielectric Properties of Printed Circuit Board Materials","volume":"56","author":"Kettunen","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2598276","article-title":"Folded strip\/slot antenna with extended bandwidth for WLAN application","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2446512","article-title":"Bending and on-arm effects on a wearable antenna for 2.45 GHz body area network","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2554626","article-title":"Transparent and flexible antenna for wearable glasses applications","volume":"64","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35214","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2847280","article-title":"Inverted E-Shaped Wearable Textile Antenna for Medical Applications","volume":"6","author":"Ashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2389630","article-title":"Wearable small and robust: The circular quarter-mode textile antenna","volume":"14","author":"Agneessens","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2732355","article-title":"Compact and low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearable medical applications","volume":"16","author":"Ashyap","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, June 23). Range test. Available online: https:\/\/www.digi.com\/resources\/documentation\/Digidocs\/90001456-13\/concepts\/c_range_test.htm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/13\/3658\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:44:56Z","timestamp":1760175896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/13\/3658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s20133658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20133658","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]}}}