{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:54:55Z","timestamp":1778151295614,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present the first optimized implementation of ARIA block cipher on low-end 8-bit Alf and Vegard\u2019s RISC processor (AVR) microcontrollers. To achieve high-speed implementation, primitive operations, including rotation operation, a substitute layer, and a diffusion layer, are carefully optimized for the target low-end embedded processor. The proposed ARIA implementation supports the electronic codebook (ECB) and the counter (CTR) modes of operation. In particular, the CTR mode of operation is further optimized with the pre-computed table of two add-round-key, one substitute layer, and one diffusion layer operations. Finally, the proposed ARIA-CTR implementations on 8-bit AVR microcontrollers achieved 187.1, 216.8, and 246.6 clock cycles per byte for 128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit security levels, respectively. Compared with previous reference implementations, the execution timing is improved by 69.8%, 69.6%, and 69.5% for 128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit security levels, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1594033662000},"page":"3788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["ACE: ARIA-CTR Encryption for Low-End Embedded Processors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0069-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwajeong","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of IT Convergence Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeokdong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of IT Convergence Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of IT Convergence Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of IT Convergence Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Daemen, J., and Rijmen, V. (1999). AES Proposal: Rijndael, NIST."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Announcing the advanced encryption standard (AES)","volume":"197","author":"Standard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fed. Inf. Process. Stand. Publ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osvik, D.A., Bos, J.W., Stefan, D., and Canright, D. (2010, January 13\u201316). Fast software AES encryption. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13858-4_5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Choi, S., Kwon, H., Liu, Z., and Seo, H. (2019, January 4\u20136). FACE\u2013LIGHT: Fast AES\u2013CTR Mode Encryption for Low-End Microcontrollers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40921-0_6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., and Lee, D.H. (2018). FACE: Fast AES CTR mode Encryption Techniques based on the Reuse of Repetitive Data. IACR Trans. Cryptogr. Hardw. Embed. Syst., 469\u2013499.","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2018.i3.469-499"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, D., Kim, J., Park, S., Sung, S.H., Sohn, Y., Song, J.H., Yeom, Y., Yoon, E.J., Lee, S., and Lee, J. (2003, January 27\u201328). New block cipher: ARIA. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24691-6_32"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mazidi, M.A., Naimi, S., and Naimi, S. (2010). AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education, Inc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, D., Lee, J.K., Kim, D.C., Kwon, D., Ryu, K.H., and Lee, D.G. (2013, January 19\u201321). LEA: A 128-bit block cipher for fast encryption on common processors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Security Applications, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05149-9_1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, H., Liu, Z., Choi, J., Park, T., and Kim, H. (2015, January 20\u201322). Compact implementations of LEA block cipher for low-end microprocessors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Security Applications, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31875-2_3"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compact implementations of ARX-based block ciphers on IoT processors","volume":"17","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, H., An, K., and Kwon, H. (2018, January 23\u201325). Compact LEA and HIGHT implementations on 8-bit AVR and 16-bit MSP processors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Security Applications, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17982-3_20"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, D., Sung, J., Hong, S., Lim, J., Lee, S., Koo, B.S., Lee, C., Chang, D., Lee, J., and Jeong, K. (2006, January 10\u201313). HIGHT: A new block cipher suitable for low-resource device. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/11894063_4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenbarth, T., Gong, Z., G\u00fcneysu, T., Heyse, S., Indesteege, S., Kerckhof, S., Koeune, F., Nad, T., Plos, T., and Regazzoni, F. (2012, January 10\u201312). Compact implementation and performance evaluation of block ciphers in ATtiny devices. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptology in Africa, Ifrance, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31410-0_11"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B., Cho, J., Choi, B., Park, J., and Seo, H. (2019). Compact Implementations of HIGHT Block Cipher on IoT Platforms. Secur. Commun. Netw.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5323578"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"404","article-title":"The SIMON and SPECK Families of Lightweight Block Ciphers","volume":"2013","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. Eprint Arch."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaulieu, R., Shors, D., Smith, J., Treatman-Clark, S., Weeks, B., and Wingers, L. (2014, January 1\u20132). The SIMON and SPECK block ciphers on AVR 8-bit microcontrollers. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Lightweight Cryptography for Security and Privacy, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16363-5_1"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"10","article-title":"The Galois\/counter mode of operation (GCM)","volume":"20","author":"McGrew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Submiss. NIST Modes Oper. Process"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/13\/3788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:05Z","timestamp":1760176085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/13\/3788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s20133788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20133788","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]}}}