{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:52:56Z","timestamp":1768816376920,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012511","name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIJ-16-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIJ-16-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a sign language recognition system based on wearable electronics and two different classification algorithms. The wearable electronics were made of a sensory glove and inertial measurement units to gather fingers, wrist, and arm\/forearm movements. The classifiers were k-Nearest Neighbors with Dynamic Time Warping (that is a non-parametric method) and Convolutional Neural Networks (that is a parametric method). Ten sign-words were considered from the Italian Sign Language: cose, grazie, maestra, together with words with international meaning such as google, internet, jogging, pizza, television, twitter, and ciao. The signs were repeated one-hundred times each by seven people, five male and two females, aged 29\u201354 y \u00b1 10.34 (SD). The adopted classifiers performed with an accuracy of 96.6% \u00b1 3.4 (SD) for the k-Nearest Neighbors plus the Dynamic Time Warping and of 98.0% \u00b1 2.0 (SD) for the Convolutional Neural Networks. Our system was made of wearable electronics among the most complete ones, and the classifiers top performed in comparison with other relevant works reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"3879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Sign Language Recognition Using Wearable Electronics: Implementing k-Nearest Neighbors with Dynamic Time Warping and Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Saggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analysis Group, MathWorks, Matrix House, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge CB4 0HH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8263-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Zea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computer Science, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170517, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco E.","family":"Benalc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computer Science, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170517, Ecuador"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saggio, G., Cavrini, F., and Di Paolo, F. 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