{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T14:05:20Z","timestamp":1773583520546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004030","name":"Jiangsu Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 9213618401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 9213618401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lifetime of a node in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is directly responsible for the longevity of the wireless network. The routing of packets is the most energy-consuming activity for a sensor node. Thus, finding an energy-efficient routing strategy for transmission of packets becomes of utmost importance. The opportunistic routing (OR) protocol is one of the new routing protocol that promises reliability and energy efficiency during transmission of packets in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this paper, we propose an intelligent opportunistic routing protocol (IOP) using a machine learning technique, to select a relay node from the list of potential forwarder nodes to achieve energy efficiency and reliability in the network. The proposed approach might have applications including e-healthcare services. As the proposed method might achieve reliability in the network because it can connect several healthcare network devices in a better way and good healthcare services might be offered. In addition to this, the proposed method saves energy, therefore, it helps the remote patient to connect with healthcare services for a longer duration with the integration of IoT services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"3887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["An Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Application Towards e-Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deep Kumar","family":"Bangotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Higher Education, J&amp;K Govt, Jammu 180001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yashwant","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, J&amp;K, Jammu 181001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1075-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Selwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, J&amp;K, Jammu 181001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering &amp; Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173211, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201009, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3001-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chiang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei 224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, W.Z., Saad, N.M., and Aalsalem, M.Y. (2012, January 12\u201314). An overview of evaluation metrics for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems(ICIAS2012), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAS.2012.6306083"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fradj, H.B., Bouallegue, M., Anane, R., and Bouallegue, R. (2017, January 26\u201330). Comparative study of opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2017, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ben, H., Rajoua, F., and Ridha, A. (2018). Opportunistic routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.018","article-title":"Towards green computing for Internet of things: Energy oriented path and message scheduling approach","volume":"38","author":"Farhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Kaiwartya, O., Rathee, M., Kumar, N., and Lloret, J. (2020). Toward energy-oriented optimization for green communication in sensor enabled IoT environments. IEEE Syst. J., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2975823"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.06.008","article-title":"GreeDi: An energy efficient routing algorithm for big data on cloud","volume":"35","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arshad, R., Zahoor, S., Shah, M.A.L.I., Wahid, A., Yu, H., and Member, S. (2020). Green IoT: An investigation on energy saving practices for 2020 and beyond. IEEE Access, 15667\u201315681.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2686092"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.06.021","article-title":"Opportunistic routing\u2014A review and the challenges ahead","volume":"55","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.17148\/IJARCCE.2017.64108","article-title":"A revised review on opportunistic routing protocol","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for ad hoc and sensor networks: Multihop performance","volume":"2","author":"Zorzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, S., and Morris, R. (2005, January 21\u201326). ExOR: Opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks. Proceedings of the SIGCOMM\u201905, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1080091.1080108"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, W., and Zhang, Z. (2009, January 12\u201315). Optimal forwarder list selection in opportunistic routing. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBHOC.2009.5336939"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.092711.101713","article-title":"Simple, practical, and effective opportunistic routing for short-haul multi-hop wireless networks","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S., and Chen, K. (2010, January 6\u201310). Spectrum aware opportunistic routing in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM, Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2010.5683924"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2011.70","article-title":"Energy-efficient opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Jie, Z., Huang, C., Xu, L., Wang, B., and Chen, X. (2012, January 21\u201324). A trusted opportunistic routing algorithm for VANET. Proceedings of the 2012 Third International Conference on Networking and Distributed Computing, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, G.K.W., and Jia, X. (2013, January 28\u201331). A novel socially-aware opportunistic routing algorithm in mobile social networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications, Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2013.6504138"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2374071","article-title":"Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay node selection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C., and Seah, W. (2009, January 10\u201313). Economy: A duplicate free opportunistic routing. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Technology, Application & Systems, Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/1710035.1710052"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.031","article-title":"Mobile-aware service function chain migration in cloud\u2013fog computing","volume":"96","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2018.2861717","article-title":"Service function chain orchestration across multiple domains: A full mesh aggregation approach","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.02.003","article-title":"Online learning offloading framework for heterogeneous mobile edge computing system","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtualization in wireless sensor networks: Fault tolerant embedding for internet of things","volume":"4662","author":"Kaiwartya","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, F., Abdullah, A.H., Kaiwartya, O., and Cao, Y. (2017). TraPy-MAC: Traffic priority aware medium access control protocol for wireless body area network. J. Med. Syst.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0739-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N., and Singh, Y. (2016). An energy efficient opportunistic routing metric for wireless sensor networks. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 9.","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i32\/100197"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., and Singh, Y. (2015, January 10\u201313). Middle position dynamic energy opportunistic routing for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, ICACCI 2015, Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275733"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4018\/IJMDEM.2020010102","article-title":"An intelligent opportunistic routing protocol for big data in WSNs","volume":"11","author":"Bangotra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Data Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances in energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: A review","volume":"3536","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccour, N., Aa, A.K., Mottola, L., Youssef, H., Boano, C.A., and Ario, M. (2012). Radio link quality estimation in wireless sensor networks: A survey. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw., 8.","DOI":"10.1145\/2240116.2240123"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, May 02). Find Residual Energy Of Nodes | Residual Energy In NS2 | S-Logix. Available online: https:\/\/slogix.in\/how-to-find-residual-energy-of-the-nodes-in-ns2."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P., Paprzycki, M., Bhargava, B., Chhabra, J., Kaushal, N., and Kumar, Y. (2018). Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3804-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P.K., Sood, S., Kumar, Y., Paprzycki, M., Pljonkin, A., and Hong, W.-C. (2019). Futuristic Trends in Networks and Computing Technologies Communications in Computer and Information Science 1206, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4451-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P.K., Bhargava, B.K., Paprzycki, M., Kaushal, N.C., and Hong, W.C. (2020). Handbook of Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges in Current Scenario\u2019s, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40305-8"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Singh, P.K., Paw\u0142owski, W., Tanwar, S., Kumar, N., and Rodrigues, J.J.P.C. (2019). Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 121. Proceedings of First International Conference on Computing, Communications, and Cyber-Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P.K., Kar, A.K., Singh, Y., Kolekar, M.H., and Tanwar, S. (2020). Proceedings of ICRIC 2019, Recent Innovations in Computing, 2020, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29407-6"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3","article-title":"Introduction on Wireless Sensor Networks Issues and Challenges in Current Era","volume":"Volume 1132","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook of Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges in Current Scenario\u2019s"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"121","article-title":"Congestion Control for Named Data Networking-Based Wireless Ad Hoc Network","volume":"Volume 121","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of First International Conference on Computing, Communications, and Cyber-Security (IC4S 2019)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, Y., Lone, J.A., Singh, P.K., Polkowski, Z., Tanwar, S., and Tyagi, S. (2019, January 27\u201329). Deployment and Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Perspective. Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Pitesti, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECAI46879.2019.9042091"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/14\/3887\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:44Z","timestamp":1760176244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/14\/3887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s20143887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20143887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]}}}