{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:33:51Z","timestamp":1777656831415,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI 25282175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI 25282175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["171122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["171122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A warning prior to seizure onset can help improve the quality of life for epilepsy patients. The feasibility of a wearable system for predicting epileptic seizures using anomaly detection based on machine learning is evaluated. An original telemeter is developed for continuous measurement of R-R intervals derived from an electrocardiogram. A bespoke smartphone app calculates the indices of heart rate variability in real time from the R-R intervals, and the indices are monitored using multivariate statistical process control by the smartphone app. The proposed system was evaluated on seven epilepsy patients. The accuracy and reliability of the R-R interval measurement, which was examined in comparison with the reference electrocardiogram, showed sufficient performance for heart rate variability analysis. The results obtained using the proposed system were compared with those obtained using the existing video and electroencephalogram assessments; it was noted that the proposed method has a sensitivity of 85.7% in detecting heart rate variability change prior to seizures. The false positive rate of 0.62 times\/h was not significantly different from the healthy controls. The prediction performance and practical advantages of portability and real-time operation are demonstrated in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1594981322000},"page":"3987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Wearable Epileptic Seizure Prediction System with Machine-Learning-Based Anomaly Detection of Heart Rate Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Toshitaka","family":"Yamakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Informatics and Energy, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Fuzzy Logic Systems Institute, Iizuka 820-0067, Japan"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Miyajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Liaison Psychiatry and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2929-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2325-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Liaison Psychiatry and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amekudai Hospital, Naha 900-0005, Japan"}]},{"given":"Satsuki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8553, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama 350-0495, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tohru","family":"Hoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital Organization Nara Medical Center, Nara 619-1124, Japan"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Inaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}]},{"given":"Taketoshi","family":"Maehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03121.x","article-title":"Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Thurman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022308","article-title":"Epilepsy","volume":"349","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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