{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:43:30Z","timestamp":1781019810563,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971702, 61874079, 61574102 and 61774113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971702, 61874079, 61574102 and 61774113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, Wuhan University","award":["2042017gf0052 and 2042018gf0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042017gf0052 and 2042018gf0045"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China","award":["2017CFB660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CFB660"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the important components of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, QRS signal represents the basic characteristics of ECG signals. The detection of QRS waves is also an essential step for ECG signal analysis. In order to further meet the clinical needs for the accuracy and real-time detection of QRS waves, a simple, fast, reliable, and hardware-friendly algorithm for real-time QRS detection is proposed. The exponential transform (ET) and proportional-derivative (PD) control-based adaptive threshold are designed to detect QRS-complex. The proposed ET can effectively narrow the magnitude difference of QRS peaks, and the PD control-based method can adaptively adjust the current threshold for QRS detection according to thresholds of previous two windows and predefined minimal threshold. The ECG signals from MIT-BIH databases are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The overall sensitivity, positive predictivity, and accuracy for QRS detection are 99.90%, 99.92%, and 99.82%, respectively. It is also implemented on Altera Cyclone V 5CSEMA5F31C6 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The time consumed for a 30-min ECG record is approximately 1.3 s. It indicates that the proposed algorithm can be used for wearable heart rate monitoring and automatic ECG analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"4003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Real Time QRS Detection Algorithm Based on ET and PD Controlled Threshold Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Aiyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qijun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532","article-title":"A real-time QRS detection algorithm","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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