{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:03:18Z","timestamp":1760238198206,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]],"date-time":"2020-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\u00b0 BIOSTRATEG3\/343779\/10\/NCBR\/2017."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0 BIOSTRATEG3\/343779\/10\/NCBR\/2017."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Varroosis is a dangerous and difficult to diagnose disease decimating bee colonies. The studies conducted sought answers on whether the electronic nose could become an effective tool for the efficient detection of this disease by examining sealed brood samples. The prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of gaseous sensor signals with a matrix of six semiconductor gas sensors TGS 823, TGS 826, TGS 832, TGS 2600, TGS 2602, and TGS 2603 from FIGARO was tested in this area. There were 42 objects belonging to 3 classes tested: 1st class\u2014empty chamber (13 objects), 2nd class\u2014fragments of combs containing brood sick with varroosis (19 objects), and 3rd class\u2014fragments of combs containing healthy sealed brood (10 objects). The examination of a single object lasted 20 min, consisting of the exposure phase (10 min) and the sensor regeneration phase (10 min). The k-th nearest neighbors algorithm (kNN)\u2014with default settings in RSES tool\u2014was successfully used as the basic classifier. The basis of the analysis was the sensor reading value in 270 s with baseline correction. The multi-sensor MCA-8 gas sensor signal recorder has proved to be an effective tool in distinguishing between brood suffering from varroosis and healthy brood. The five-time cross-validation 2 test (5 \u00d7 CV2 test) showed a global accuracy of 0.832 and a balanced accuracy of 0.834. Positive rate of the sick brood class was 0.92. In order to check the overall effectiveness of baseline correction in the examined context, we have carried out additional series of experiments\u2014in multiple Monte Carlo Cross Validation model\u2014using a set of classifiers with different metrics. We have tested a few variants of the kNN method, the Na\u00efve Bayes classifier, and the weighted voting classifier. We have verified with statistical tests the thesis that the baseline correction significantly improves the level of classification. We also confirmed that it is enough to use the TGS2603 sensor in the examined context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"4014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Diagnosis of Varroosis Based on Bee Brood Samples Testing with Use of Semiconductor Gas Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"B\u0105k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4692-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5508-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Artiemjew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3137-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Siuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-012-0153-x","article-title":"Collection of volatiles from honeybee larvae and adults enclosed on brood frames","volume":"43","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, June 29). 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