{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:04:12Z","timestamp":1777129452368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M611367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M611367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012548","name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LBH-Z17056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z17056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012548","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51502186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51502186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Lab","award":["2019MC0AB03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019MC0AB03"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Lab","award":["2019MC0AD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019MC0AD01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020MC2GD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020MC2GD01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qianjiang Talent Plan of Zhejiang Province","award":["2020MC2GE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020MC2GE01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A6A1A03025242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A6A1A03025242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1D1A1A09083353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1A09083353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a high-sensitivity, quantified, linear, and mediator-free resonator-based microwave biosensor for glucose sensing application. The proposed biosensor comprises an air-bridge-type asymmetrical differential inductor (L) and a center-loaded circular finger-based inter-digital capacitor (C) fabricated on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate using advanced micro-fabrication technology. The intertwined asymmetrical differential inductor is used to achieve a high inductance value with a suitable Q-factor, and the centralized inter-digital capacitor is introduced to generate an intensified electric field. The designed microwave sensor is optimized to operate at a low resonating frequency that increases the electric field penetration depth and interaction area in the glucose sample. The microwave biosensor is tested with different glucose concentrations (0.3\u20135 mg\/ml), under different ambient temperatures (10\u201350 \u00b0C). The involvement of advanced micro-fabrication technology effectively miniaturized the microwave biosensor (0.006\u03bb0 \u00d7 0.005\u03bb0) and enhanced its filling factor. The proposed microwave biosensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 117.5 MHz\/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9987), good amplitude variation of 0.49 dB\/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9954), and maximum reproducibility of 0.78% at 2 mg\/mL. Additionally, mathematical modelling was performed to estimate the dielectric value of the frequency-dependent glucose sample. The measured and analyzed results indicate that the proposed biosensor is suitable for real-time blood glucose detection measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"4024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["High-Sensitivity, Quantified, Linear and Mediator-Free Resonator-Based Microwave Biosensor for Glucose Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Fan-Yi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Liang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Guo-Feng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Smart Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 310000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Seong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4264-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40139h","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo testing of glucose-responsive insulin delivery microdevices in diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20119k","article-title":"Mesoporous silica as a membrane for ultra-thin implantable direct glucose fuel cells","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.010","article-title":"Novel planar glucose biosensors for continuous monitoring use","volume":"20","author":"Ricci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosen. 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