{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:21:54Z","timestamp":1768828914344,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014099","name":"WiSys Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T180044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T180044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004833","name":"Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013-318-223-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-318-223-040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents an experimental study of estimating stresses in concrete by applications of coda wave interferometry to establish an acoustoelastic modulus database. Under well-controlled laboratory conditions, uniaxial load cycles were performed on three groups of 15 \u00d7 15 \u00d7 35-cm concrete prisms, with ultrasonic signals being collected continuously. Then, the coda wave interferometry technique, together with acoustoelastic and Kaiser theories, are utilized to analyze the stress-velocity relations for the distinct ranges before and after historical maximum loads, forming an acoustoelastic modulus database. When applied to different concrete samples, their stresses are estimated with a high degree of accuracy. This study could be used to promote the development of novel nondestructive techniques that aid in structural stress monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"4031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Estimation of Stresses in Concrete by Using Coda Wave Interferometry to Establish an Acoustoelastic Modulus Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1465-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanyu","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanwan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818, USA"}]},{"given":"Chenxu","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Surveying Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88001, USA"}]},{"given":"Jinquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruinian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Surveying Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88001, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921708094789","article-title":"Long-term structural health monitoring of a multi-girder steel composite bridge using strain data","volume":"8","author":"Cardini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurdardottir, D., and Glisic, B. (2013). Neutral axis as damage sensitive feature. Smart Mater. Struct., 22.","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/7\/075030"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8695(00)00032-3","article-title":"Review of NDT methods in the assessment of concrete and masonry structures","volume":"34","author":"McCann","year":"2001","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.035","article-title":"Acoustic techniques for concrete evaluation: Improvements, comparisons and consistency","volume":"43","author":"Garnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-624X(01)00077-4","article-title":"Diffusion of ultrasound in concrete","volume":"39","author":"Anugonda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frojd, P., and Ulriksen, P. (2016). Continuous wave measurements in a network of transducers for structural health monitoring of a large concrete floor slab. Struct. Health Monit., 15.","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921716642139"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Zhan, H., Zhang, J., and Jiang, R. (2019). Diffusion Coefficient Estimation and Its Application in Interior Change Evaluation of Full-size Reinforced Concrete Structures. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 31.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002609"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1642625","article-title":"Ultrasound diffusion for crack depth determination in concrete","volume":"115","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larose, E., Planes, T., Rossetto, V., and Margerin, L. (2010). Locating a small change in multiple scattering environment. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3431269"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4906824","article-title":"Imaging multiple local changes in heterogeneous media with diffuse waves","volume":"137","author":"Planes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921717699878","article-title":"Detecting damage events in concrete using diffuse ultrasound structural health monitoring during strong environment variations","volume":"17","author":"Frojd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921717690938","article-title":"Three-dimensional in-situ imaging of cracks in concrete using diffuse ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921719834045","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Images Generated from Diffuse Ultrasound Wave: Detections of Multiple Cracks in Concrete Structures","volume":"19","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Zhang, J., and Jiang, R. (2017). Stress Evaluation for Rocks and Structural Concrete Members through Ultrasonic Wave Analysis: Review. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 29.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001935"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070015","article-title":"Coda wave interferometry for estimating nonlinear behavior in seismic velocity","volume":"295","author":"Snieder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.07.009","article-title":"A review of ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry in concrete","volume":"53","author":"Planes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3079771","article-title":"Monitoring stress related velocity variation in concrete with a 2 \u00d7 10\u22125 relative resolution using diffuse ultrasound","volume":"125","author":"Larose","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokouhi, P., Zoga, A., and Wiggenhauser, H. (2010). Nondestructive investigation of stress-induced damage in concrete. Adv. Civ. Eng., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/740189"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3553226","article-title":"Monitoring stress changes in a concrete bridge with coda wave interferometry","volume":"129","author":"Niederleithinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2012.08.011","article-title":"Study of stress-induced velocity variation in concrete under direct tensile force and monitoring of the damage level by using thermally-compensated Coda Wave Interferometry","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niederleithinger, E., Wang, X., Herbrand, M., and Muller, M. (2018). Processing Ultrasonic Data by Coda Wave Interferometry to Monitor Load Tests of Concrete Beams. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061971"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.92.1145","article-title":"Second-order elastic deformation of solids","volume":"92","author":"Hughes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908623","article-title":"Sound waves in deformed perfectly elastic materials. Acoustoelastic effect","volume":"33","author":"Toupin","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payan, C., Garnier, V., Moysan, J., and Johnson, P. (2009). Determination of third order elastic constants in a complex solid applying coda wave interferometry. Appl. Phys. Lett., 94.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3064129"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000050","article-title":"Nonlinear Ultrasonic Investigation of Concrete Damaged under Uniaxial Compression Step Loading","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3294553","article-title":"Probing slow dynamics of consolidated granular multicomposite materials by diffuse acoustic wave spectroscopy","volume":"127","author":"Tremblay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/14\/4031\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:07Z","timestamp":1760176207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/14\/4031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s20144031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20144031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]}}}