{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:44:06Z","timestamp":1770824646293,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200021L_172606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021L_172606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic sensors are increasingly used to measure bedload transport in Alpine streams, notably the Swiss plate geophone (SPG) system. An impact experiment using artificial weights is developed in this paper to assess the variability in individual plate response and to evaluate the extent to which calibration coefficients can be transferred from calibrated plates to non-calibrated plates at a given measuring site and\/or to other measuring sites. Results of the experiment over 43 plates at four measuring sites have notably shown (a) that the maximum amplitude (V) recorded by individual plates tends to evolve as a power law function of the impact energy (J), with an exponent slightly larger than 1, for all the plates at all measuring sites; (b) that there is a substantial propagation of energy across plates that should be taken into account for a better understanding of the signal response; (c) that the response of individual plates is in most cases consistent, which suggests that calibration coefficients are comparable within and in between measuring sites, but site-specific and plate-specific variabilities in signal response have to be considered for a detailed comparison.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T11:26:01Z","timestamp":1595503561000},"page":"4089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bedload Transport Monitoring in Alpine Rivers: Variability in Swiss Plate Geophone Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Antoniazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements, Z\u00fcrcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne (Switzerland), G\u00e9opolis, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Nicollier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements, Z\u00fcrcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos R.","family":"Wyss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements, Z\u00fcrcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Boss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements, Z\u00fcrcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Rickenmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements, Z\u00fcrcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bridge, J.S. (2009). Rivers and Floodplains: Forms, Processes, and Sedimentary Record, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knighton, D. (2014). Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203784662"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Richards, K. (2004). Rivers: Form and Process of Alluvial Channels, The Blackburn Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1986.11880186","article-title":"Interrelationships of channel processes, changes and sediments in a proglacial braided river","volume":"68","author":"Ashworth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., and Miller, J.P. (2012). Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Courier Corporation."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1404","article-title":"Interactions between sediment delivery, channel change, climate change and flood risk in a temperate upland environment","volume":"32","author":"Lane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3835","article-title":"Significance of sediment transport processes during piedmont floods: The 2005 flood events in Switzerland","volume":"41","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(00)00421-2","article-title":"Channel change and flooding, Skokomish River, Washington","volume":"243","author":"Stover","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.11.003","article-title":"Environment-friendly reduction of flood risk and infrastructure damage in a mountain river: Case study of the Czarny Dunajec","volume":"272","author":"Zawiejska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.2614","article-title":"Potential Large Woody Debris Recruitment Due to Landslides, Bank Erosion and Floods in Mountain Basins: A Quantitative Estimation Approach","volume":"30","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2014","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Annandale, G.W. (2020, March 06). Overview of Sedimentation Issues. Available online: https:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-0838-8_ch3."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.180","article-title":"Summer is in winter: Disturbance-driven shifts in macroinvertebrate communities following hydroelectric power exploitation","volume":"650","author":"Gabbud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1124","article-title":"Ecosystem impacts of Alpine water intakes for hydropower: The challenge of sediment management","volume":"3","author":"Gabbud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Water"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2016.1225320","article-title":"Reservoir sedimentation","volume":"54","author":"Schleiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Harrison, L.R., Legleiter, C.J., Wydzga, M.A., and Dunne, T. (2020, April 13). Channel Dynamics and Habitat Development in a Meandering, Gravel Bed River. Available online: https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1029\/2009WR008926."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.-Y., Lee, J.H., and Melching, C.S. (2014). River Dynamics and Integrated River Management, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25652-3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.02.015","article-title":"Sediment export, transient landscape response and catchment-scale connectivity following rapid climate warming and Alpine glacier recession","volume":"277","author":"Lane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR024206","article-title":"Decadal-Scale Climate Forcing of Alpine Glacial Hydrological Systems","volume":"55","author":"Lane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03190","article-title":"A systematic analysis of eight decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded rivers","volume":"33","author":"Buffington","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-8252(91)90017-A","article-title":"Bedload transport","volume":"31","author":"Gomez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1029\/WR018i005p01395","article-title":"Model experiments on mobile, paved gravel bed streams","volume":"18","author":"Parker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JF004811","article-title":"Morphological Response of an Alpine Braided Reach to Sediment-Laden Flow Events","volume":"124","author":"Bakker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7607","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020883","article-title":"Direct measurements of lift and drag on shallowly submerged cobbles in steep streams: Implications for flow resistance and sediment transport","volume":"53","author":"Lamb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W08513","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR010645","article-title":"Evaluation of bedload transport predictions using flow resistance equations to account for macro-roughness in steep mountain streams","volume":"47","author":"Nitsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rickenmann, D., and Recking, A. (2011). Evaluation of flow resistance in gravel-bed rivers through a large field data set. Water Resour. Res., 47.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR009793"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR016417","article-title":"Applicability of bed load transport models for mixed-size sediments in steep streams considering macro-roughness","volume":"51","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:9(879)","article-title":"Measurement of Coarse Gravel and Cobble Transport Using Portable Bedload Traps","volume":"130","author":"Bunte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helley, E.J., and Smith, W. (1971). Development and Calibration of a Pressure-Difference Bedload Sampler.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr73108"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Torlesse stream vortex-tube sediment trap","volume":"13","author":"Hayward","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. (N. Zeal.)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(99)00016-8","article-title":"Bedload transport in the instrumented catchment of the Rio Cordon: Part I: Analysis of bedload records, conditions and threshold of bedload entrainment","volume":"36","author":"Lenzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Milhous, R.T. (1973). Sediment Transport in a Gravel-Bottomed Stream, Oregon State University."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hicks, D.M., and Gomez, B. (2003). Sediment, transport. Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology, John and Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470868333.ch15"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"38","article-title":"Monitoring coarse bedload transport with passive acoustic instrumentation: A field study","volume":"5091","author":"Barton","year":"2010","journal-title":"U.S. Geol. Surv. Sci. Investig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2019.06.019","article-title":"Development and calibration of an underwater acoustic data collection system for monitoring coarse bedload transport","volume":"155","author":"Goodwiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsrc.2017.12.003","article-title":"Application of an impact plate\u2014Bedload transport measuring system for high-speed flows","volume":"33","author":"Koshiba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sediment Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rickenmann, D. (2017). Bedload transport measurements with geophones, hydrophones and underwater microphones (passive acoustic methods). Gravel Bed Rivers and Disasters, Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118971437.ch7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3499","article-title":"Bedload transport measurements with impact plate geophones: Comparison of sensor calibration in different gravel-bed streams","volume":"39","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3225","article-title":"Bedload transport measurements at the Erlenbach stream with geophones and automated basket samplers","volume":"37","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7744","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR018555","article-title":"Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 1. Impulse counts and particle size identification","volume":"52","author":"Wyss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019283","article-title":"Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 2. Application to field sites with direct bed load samples","volume":"52","author":"Wyss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001090","article-title":"Measuring Bed Load Transp Rates by Grain-Size Fraction Using the Swiss Plate Geophone Signal at the Erlenbach","volume":"142","author":"Wyss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"296","article-title":"Calibration of a passive acoustic bedload monitoring system in Japanese mountain rivers","volume":"5091","author":"Mizuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Sci. Investig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhnle, R.A., Wren, D.G., Hilldale, R.C., Goodwiller, B.T., and Carpenter, W.O. (2017). Laboratory Calibration of Impact Plates for Measuring Gravel Bed Load Size and Mass. J. Hydraul. Eng., 143.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001391"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-5-669-2017","article-title":"Bedload transport measurements with impact plate geophones in two Austrian mountain streams (Fischbach and Ruetz): System calibration, grain size estimation, and environmental signal pick-up","volume":"5","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5","article-title":"Bedload transport monitoring with acoustic sensors in the Swiss Albula mountain river","volume":"375","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9303-x","article-title":"A debris-flow alarm system for the Alpine Illgraben catchment: Design and performance","volume":"49","author":"Badoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Hazards."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.06.033","article-title":"Analysis and classification of bedload transport events with variable process characteristics","volume":"291","author":"Kreisler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicollier, T., Rickenmann, D., Boss, S., Travaglini, E., and Hartlieb, A. (2020, January 7\u201310). Calibration of the Swiss plate geophone system at the Zinal field site with direct bedload samples and results from controlled flume experiments. Proceedings of the River Flow 2020, Delft, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1201\/b22619-127"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Nicollier, T., Rickenmann, D., and Hartlieb, A. (2019, January 24\u201328). Calibration of the Swiss plate geophone system at the Albula field site with direct bedload samples and comparison with controlled flume experiments. Proceedings of the SEDHYD 2019 Conference, Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic, Modeling Conference, Reno, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021376","article-title":"Variability of Bed Load Transport During Six Summers of Continuous Measurements in Two Austrian Mountain Streams (Fischbach and Ruetz)","volume":"54","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Morach, S. (2011). Geschiebemessungen Mittels Geophonen bei hohen Fliessgeschwindigkeiten. [Master\u2018s Thesis, ETH-VAW]."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"143","article-title":"Acoustic gravel-momentum sensor","volume":"5091","author":"Downing","year":"2010","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Sci. Investig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Downing, J., Farley, P.J., Bunte, K., Swingle, K.W., Ryan, S.E., and Dixon, M.K. (2003, January 19\u201321). Acoustic gravel-transport sensor: Description and field tests in Little Granite Creek, Wyoming, USA. Proceedings of the Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers: Technological and Methodological Advances, Oslo, Norway."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JF002765","article-title":"Field measurements of the energy delivered to the channel bed by moving bed load and links to bedrock erosion","volume":"118","author":"Turowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"319","article-title":"Laboratory tests of a Japanese pipe geophone for continuous acoustic monitoring of coarse bedload","volume":"5091","author":"Mizuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Sci. Investig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1686","article-title":"Tools and cover effects in bedload transport observations in the Pitzbach, Austria","volume":"34","author":"Turowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4089\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:52Z","timestamp":1760176252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20154089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20154089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]}}}