{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:14:41Z","timestamp":1776111281730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-098728-B-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098728-B-C31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-098728-B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098728-B-C33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this work is to present the first analytical and experimental results obtained with a 3D heat flux sensor for planetary regolith. The proposed structure, a sphere divided in four sectors, is sensible to heat flow magnitude and angle. Each sector includes a platinum resistor that is used both to sense its temperature and provide heating power. By operating the sectors at constant temperature, the sensor gives a response that is proportional to the heat flux vector in the regolith. The response of the sensor is therefore independent of the thermal conductivity of the regolith. A complete analytical solution of the response of the sensor is presented. The sensor may be used to provide information on the instantaneous local thermal environment surrounding a lander in planetary exploration or in small bodies like asteroids. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first sensor capable of measuring local 3D heat flux.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1595824790000},"page":"4135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Miniaturized 3D Heat Flux Sensor to Characterize Heat Transfer in Regolith of Planets and Small Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Pumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Technologies Group, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jose-Antonio","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA-CSIC), 28850 Torrej\u00f3n De Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Technologies Group, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Technologies Group, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Pons-Nin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nano Technologies Group, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziouche, K., Lejeune, P., Bougrioua, Z., and Leclercq, D. 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