{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:20:12Z","timestamp":1779294012653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-22248S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-22248S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a second-order asynchronous delta-sigma modulator (ADSM) is proposed based on the active-RCintegrators. The ADSM is implemented in the 0.18    \u03bc   m CMOS Logic or Mixed-Signal\/RF, General Purpose process from the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company with a center frequency of 848 kHz at a supply voltage of 1 V with a 92 dB peak signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (    S N D R    ), which corresponds to 15 bit resolution. These parameters were achieved in all the endogenous bioelectric signals bandwidth of 10 kHz. The ADSM dissipated 295    \u03bc   W and had an area of 0.54 mm     2    . The proposed ADSM with a high resolution, wide bandwidth, and rail-to-rail input voltage range provides the universal solution for endogenous bioelectric signal processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1595824790000},"page":"4137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A 1 V 92 dB SNDR 10 kHz Bandwidth Second-Order Asynchronous Delta-Sigma Modulator for Biomedical Signal Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vil\u00e9m","family":"Kledrowetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technick\u00e1 3058\/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Fujcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technick\u00e1 3058\/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Prokop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technick\u00e1 3058\/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"H\u00e1ze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technick\u00e1 3058\/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Low-power ASIC suitable for miniaturized wireless EMG systems","volume":"70","author":"Kledrowetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magno, M., Benini, L., Spagnol, C., and Popovici, E. (2013, January 7\u20139). Wearable low power dry surface wireless sensor node for healthcare monitoring application. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 9th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2013.6673360"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinod, A.P., and Da, C.Y. (2013, January 6\u20138). An integrated surface EMG data acquisition system for sports medicine applications. Proceedings of the 2013 7th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2013.6521708"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northrop, R.B. (2004). Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation (Biomedical Engineering), CRC Press, Inc.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203492734"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Webster, J. (2010). Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prutchi, D., and Norris, M. (2005). Design and Development of Medical Electronic Instrumentation, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471681849"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, J.M. (1964). Electrodes for extracellular recording and stimulation. Electrophysiological Methods, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-514105-5.50010-1"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, A., Delgado-Restituto, M., and Medeiro, F. (2020, July 25). Power Efficient ADCs for Biomedical Signal Acquisition. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.936.432&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2014707","article-title":"A 1-V 450-nW Fully Integrated Programmable Biomedical Sensor Interface Chip","volume":"44","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundarasaradula, Y., Constandinou, T.G., and Thanachayanont, A. (2016, January 11\u201314). A 6-bit, two-step, successive approximation logarithmic ADC for biomedical applications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Monte Carlo, Monaco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2016.7841123"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesgarani, A., and Ay, S.U. (2011, January 10\u201312). A low voltage, energy efficient supply boosted SAR ADC for biomedical applications. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2011.6107812"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2015.2502164","article-title":"Next-Generation Delta-Sigma Converters: Trends and Perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Schreier","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.864147","article-title":"Analysis and design of high-performance asynchronous sigma-delta Modulators with a binary quantizer","volume":"41","author":"Ouzounov","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Dazhi, W., Vaibhav, G., and Harris, J.G. (2006, January 21\u201324). An asynchronous delta-sigma converter implementation. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Island of Kos, Greece."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2010.2043169","article-title":"A\/D conversion using asynchronous delta-sigma modulation and time-to-digital conversion","volume":"57","author":"Daniels","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Song, S., and Roh, J. (2019). A 103 dB DR Fourth-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator for Sensor Applications. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8101093"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohel, A., al Khadir, A., Naaz, M., and Najeeb, A. (2019, January 23\u201324). A 1.8V 204.8-\u03bcW 12-Bit Fourth Order Active Passive \u03a3\u0394 Modulator for Biomedical Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC), Kalyani, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/DEVIC.2019.8783626"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2014.2330698","article-title":"A 0.25-V 28-nW 58-dB Dynamic Range Asynchronous Delta Sigma Modulator in 130-nm Digital CMOS Process","volume":"23","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2018.2878625","article-title":"A 0.3-V 37-nW 53-dB SNDR Asynchronous Delta\u2013Sigma Modulator in 0.18-\u03bcm CMOS","volume":"27","author":"Kulej","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-017-0658-7","article-title":"Design and analysis of an ultra-low-power second-order asynchronous delta\u2013sigma modulator","volume":"36","author":"Akbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1109\/82.644044","article-title":"Analog-to-digital conversion via duty-cycle modulation","volume":"44","author":"Roza","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Analog Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1109\/4.585245","article-title":"A 1.8-V digital-audio sigma-delta modulator in 0.8-\/spl mu\/m CMOS","volume":"32","author":"Rabii","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furth, P.M., Tsen, Y.C., Kulkarni, V.B., and Raju, T.K.P.H. (2010, January 1\u20134). On the design of low-power CMOS comparators with programmable hysteresis. Proceedings of the 2010 53rd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2010.5548836"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2468857","article-title":"A 0.4 V 63 \u03bcW 76.1 dB SNDR 20 kHz Bandwidth Delta-Sigma Modulator Using a Hybrid Switching Integrator","volume":"50","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2593777","article-title":"A 1 V 103 dB 3rd-Order Audio Continuous-Time \u0394\u03a3 ADC with Enhanced Noise Shaping in 65 nm CMOS","volume":"51","author":"Leow","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, S., and Wu, J. (2018, January 8\u201311). A 1 V 175 \u03bcW 94.6 dB SNDR 25 kHz bandwidth delta-sigma modulator using segmented integration techniques. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2018.8357086"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2179732","article-title":"A 250 mV 7.5 \u03bcW 61 dB SNDR SC \u0394\u03a3 Modulator Using Near-Threshold-Voltage-Biased Inverter Amplifiers in 130 nm CMOS","volume":"47","author":"Michel","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:38Z","timestamp":1760176298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20154137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20154137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]}}}