{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:16:54Z","timestamp":1763367414848,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The health and environmental effects of particulate matter (PM) in the air depend on several parameters. Besides particle size, shape, and concentration, the chemical nature of the PM is also of great importance. State-of-the-art PM sensors only detect the particle size and concentration. Small, low-cost sensors only identify PM according to PM2.5 and PM10 standards. Larger detectors measure the complete particle size distribution. However, the chemical composition of PM is not often assessed. The current paper presents the initial stages of the development of an infrared-based detector for the inline assessment of the chemistry of PM in the air. By combining a mini cyclone that is able to concentrate the particles at least a thousand fold and a hollow waveguide that aligns the flow of particles with infrared light, the feasibility of the concept was shown in this study. A clear differentiation between amorphous and crystalline silica was demonstrated at outdoor PM levels of lower than 1 mg per cubic meter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"4193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inline Infrared Chemical Identification of Particulate Matter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, HTC25, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, HTC25, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"B\u00e4umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, HTC25, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjen","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, HTC25, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, July 20). NIOSH Exposome, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/exposome\/default.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, July 20). TNO Exposome. Available online: https:\/\/www.tno.nl\/en\/tno-insights\/articles\/exposome-connecting-the-dots-for-effective-prevention-of-disease\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"EPA (2020, July 20). Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Commission (2020, July 20). Composition of Particulate Matter Influences Its Long-Term Health Effects. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/integration\/research\/newsalert\/pdf\/compositionofparticulatematterinfluencesitslongtermhealtheffects430na4en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.018","article-title":"Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: How far have they gone?","volume":"116","author":"Morawska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borghi, F., Spinazze, A., Rovelli, S., Campagnolo, D., del Buono, L., Cattaneo, A., and Cavallo, D. (2017). Miniaturized monitors for assessment of exposure to air pollutants: A review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080909"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauerove, P., Sindelanova, A., Rychlik, S., Novak, Z., and Keder, J. (2020). Low-cost air quality sensors: One-year field comparative measurement of different gas sensors and particle counters with reference monitors at tu\u0161imice observatory. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11050492"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos6091327","article-title":"An overview of particulate matter measurement instruments","volume":"6","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, July 20). Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit. Available online: https:\/\/www.luchtmeetnet.nl\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, July 20). Landelijk Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit. Available online: https:\/\/www.lml.rivm.nl\/verwachting\/fijnstof.php."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040434","article-title":"How sensors might help define the external exposome","volume":"14","author":"Loh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public# Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.013","article-title":"Chemical compositions and source identification of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM2.5\u201310) from a scrap iron and steel smelting industry along the Ife\u2013Ibadan highway, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Owoade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmospheric Poll. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121060","article-title":"Rapid determination of chemical composition in the particulate matter of cigarette mainstream smoke","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126980","article-title":"Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric particles and the influence of particles deposition in the human respiratory tract in rural and urban locations of north-east India","volume":"255","author":"Garaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2019.103109","article-title":"Characterization of atmospheric aerosols and source apportionment analyses in urban Harbin, northeast China","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2019.1664724","article-title":"Real-time sensing of bioaerosols: Review and current perpectives","volume":"54","author":"Huffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(96)00455-7","article-title":"Characterisation and modelling of a family of cyclone aerosol preseparators","volume":"28","author":"Kenny","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00047-1","article-title":"A direct approach to the design of cyclones for aerosol monitoring applications","volume":"31","author":"Kenny","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yepes, C., Gandini, E., van Dijk, R., Bruning, F., Maalderink, H., Morini, S., and van Vliet, F.E. (2018, January 23\u201327). Additive manufactured antenna in mixed material technology for 24 GHz FMCW miniaturized radar. Proceedings of the 2018 48th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuMC.2018.8541668"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, July 20). Aerosols Detection and Protection. Available online: https:\/\/www.tno.nl\/media\/7701\/aerosols_flyer.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00359-8","article-title":"Absorption of light by soot particles: Determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers","volume":"34","author":"Weingartner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120077","article-title":"A review of research on particulate matter pollution in the construction industry","volume":"254","author":"Cheriyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:22Z","timestamp":1760176342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20154193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20154193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]}}}