{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:18:22Z","timestamp":1780384702473,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB2016-286368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB2016-286368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB2016-286629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB2016-286629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An all-fiber approach is presented to measure surface tension. The experimental realization relies on the use of a specialty fiber, a so-called two-hole fiber (THF), which serves a two-fold purpose: providing a capillary channel to produce bubbles while having the means to measure the power reflected at the end facet of the fiber core. We demonstrate that provided a controlled injection of gas into the hollow channels of the THF, surface tension measurements are possible by simply tracking the Fresnel reflection at the distal end of the THF. Our results show that the characteristic times involved in the bubble formation process, from where the surface tension of the liquids under test is retrieved, can be measured from the train of pulses generated by the continuous formation and detachment of bubbles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1596080198000},"page":"4219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["All-Fiber Measurement of Surface Tension Using a Two-Hole Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose R.","family":"Guzman-Sepulveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV Unidad Monterrey), Apodaca, Nuevo Leon 66600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"May-Arrioja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber and Integrated Optics Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en \u00d3ptica A.C., Aguascalientes, AGS 20200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Fuentes-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber and Integrated Optics Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en \u00d3ptica A.C., Aguascalientes, AGS 20200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natanael","family":"Cuando-Espitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACyT, Applied Physics Group, DICIS, University of Guanajuato, Salamanca, GTO 368850, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2408-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Torres-Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Group, DICIS, University of Guanajuato, Salamanca, GTO 368850, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Gonzalez-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motorola Solutions de M\u00e9xico, Cuajimalpa, CDMX 05120, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"LiKamWa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartland, S. 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