{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:05:39Z","timestamp":1760238339519,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]],"date-time":"2020-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y2018\/EMT-4818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2018\/EMT-4818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y2018\/EMT-4818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2018\/EMT-4818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y2018\/EMT-4818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2018\/EMT-4818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bicycle Sharing Systems (BSSs) are exponentially increasing in the urban mobility sector. They are traditionally conceived as a last-mile complement to the public transport system. In this paper, we demonstrate that BSSs can be seen as a public transport system in their own right. To do so, we build a mathematical framework for the classification of BSS trips. Using trajectory information, we create the trip index, which characterizes the intrinsic purpose of the use of BSS as transport or leisure. The construction of the trip index required a specific analysis of the BSS shortest path, which cannot be directly calculated from the topology of the network given that cyclists can find shortcuts through traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, etc. to reduce the overall traveled distance. Adding a layer of complication to the problem, these shortcuts have a non-trivial existence in terms of being intermittent, or short lived. We applied the proposed methodology to empirical data from BiciMAD, the public BSS in Madrid (Spain). The obtained results show that the trip index correctly determines transport and leisure categories, which exhibit distinct statistical and operational features. Finally, we inferred the underlying BSS public transport network and show the fundamental trajectories traveled by users. Based on this analysis, we conclude that 90.60% of BiciMAD\u2019s use fall in the category of transport, which demonstrates our first statement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"4315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Data-Driven Analysis of Bicycle Sharing Systems as Public Transport Systems Based on a Trip Index Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0062-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark Richard","family":"Wilby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Biometry, Biosignals, Security, and Smart Mobility, Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada a las Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-0311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Vinagre D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Biometry, Biosignals, Security, and Smart Mobility, Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada a las Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-8450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Biometry, Biosignals, Security, and Smart Mobility, Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada a las Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0023-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Biometry, Biosignals, Security, and Smart Mobility, Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada a las Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Planificaci\u00f3n del Transporte, Transport Research Centre (TRANSyT), Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"S\u00e1nchez \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Biometry, Biosignals, Security, and Smart Mobility, Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada a las Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiariotti, F., Pielli, C., Zanella, A., and Zorzi, M. (2018). A Dynamic Approach to Rebalancing Bike-Sharing Systems. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020512"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.10.017","article-title":"The impact of a public bicycle-sharing system on urban public transport networks","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.05.013","article-title":"Bike share\u2019s impact on car use: Evidence from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia","volume":"31","author":"Fishman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60435-8","article-title":"Shaping cities for health: Complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century","volume":"379","author":"Rydin","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.06.007","article-title":"Mining bicycle sharing data for generating insights into sustainable transport systems","volume":"34","author":"Cheshire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1760","article-title":"Modelling the scaling properties of human mobility","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","article-title":"Understanding individual human mobility patterns","volume":"453","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(98)00003-4","article-title":"Alternative nested logit models: Structure, properties and estimation","volume":"32","author":"Koppelman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Methodol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1964165","article-title":"Mode Choice Model for Public Transport with Categorized Latent Variables","volume":"2017","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9581-6","article-title":"A combined destination and route choice model for a bicycle sharing system","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2019.2898831","article-title":"Citywide Bike Usage Prediction in a Bike-Sharing System","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9599-9","article-title":"Comparing cities\u2019 cycling patterns using online shared bicycle maps","volume":"42","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, S., Wei, Z.Q., Sun, L.J., Su, Y.Q., Wang, R.C., and Jiang, H.M. (2018). The Shared Bicycle and Its Network\u2014Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB): A Review and Survey. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082581"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102640","article-title":"A data science framework for planning the growth of bicycle infrastructures","volume":"115","author":"Olmos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2012.09.009","article-title":"Understanding individual mobility patterns from urban sensing data: A mobile phone trace example","volume":"26","author":"Calabrese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6139379","article-title":"Temporal Performance Analysis of Bus Transportation Using Link Streams","volume":"2019","author":"Curzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44359","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44359","article-title":"A Multilayer perspective for the analysis of urban transportation systems","volume":"7","author":"Aleta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Domencich, T., and McFadden, D. (1975). Statistical estimation of choice probability function. Urban Travel Demand \u2014A Behavioral Analysis, North-Holland Publishing Company Limited."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Dios Ort\u00fazar, J., and Willumsen, L. (2011). Modelling Transport, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119993308"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(88)80038-9","article-title":"Spatial analysis of animals\u2019 movements using a correlated random walk model","volume":"131","author":"Bovet","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1968.tb00650.x","article-title":"An Introduction to the Hydraulic and Topographic Sinuosity Indexes","volume":"58","author":"Mueller","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pearl, J. (1984). Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.02.017","article-title":"Shortest path and vehicle trajectory aided map-matching for low frequency GPS data","volume":"55","author":"Quddus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Pan, X., Li, M., and Yu, P.S. (2016, January 13\u201316). Bicycle-Sharing System Analysis and Trip Prediction. Proceedings of the 2016 17th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2016.35"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2015.10.009","article-title":"Identifying K Primary Corridors from urban bicycle GPS trajectories on a road network","volume":"57","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, N., Ma, M., Xiong, W., Chen, L., and Jing, N. (2017). An Efficient Query Algorithm for Trajectory Similarity Based on Fr\u00e9chet Distance Threshold. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6110326"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018603","article-title":"Sur quelques points du calcul fonctionnel","volume":"22","year":"1906","journal-title":"Rend. Circ. Matem. Palermo."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt, H., and Godau, M. (1992, January 10\u201312). Measuring the Resemblance of Polygonal Curves. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG \u201992), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/142675.142699"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Eiter, T., and Mannila, H. (1994). Computing discrete Fr\u00e9chet distance, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien. Technical Report CD-TR 94\/64."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0147-7","article-title":"Travelers or locals? Identifying meaningful sub-populations from human movement data in the absence of ground truth","volume":"7","author":"Scherrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.03.005","article-title":"Analysing bicycle-sharing system user destination choice preferences: Chicago\u2019s Divvy system","volume":"44","author":"Eluru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2012.07.005","article-title":"Where do cyclists ride? A route choice model developed with revealed preference GPS data","volume":"46","author":"Broach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-015-0055-z","article-title":"Understanding the variability of daily travel-time expenditures using GPS trajectory data","volume":"4","author":"Gallotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinagre D\u00edaz, J.J., Fern\u00e1ndez Pozo, R., Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez, A.B., Wilby, M.R., and S\u00e1nchez \u00c1vila, C. (2020). Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering ob Bicycle Sharing Stations Based on Ultra-Light Edge Computing. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123550"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00e8nech, A., and Guti\u00e9rrez, A. (2017). A GIS-Based Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Spatial Coverage of Public Transport Networks in Tourist Destinations. Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6030083"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.03.007","article-title":"Bicycle infrastructure and traffic congestion: Evidence from DC\u2019s Capital Bikeshare","volume":"87","author":"Hamilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:47Z","timestamp":1760176427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/15\/4315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20154315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20154315","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]}}}