{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:24:15Z","timestamp":1762431855773,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["US-1259771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["US-1259771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porous titanium is a metallic biomaterial with good properties for the clinical repair of cortical bone tissue, although the presence of pores can compromise its mechanical behavior and clinical use. It is therefore necessary to characterize the implant pore size and distribution in a suitable way. In this work, we explore the new use of electrical impedance spectroscopy for the characterization and monitoring of titanium bone implants. Electrical impedance spectroscopy has been used as a non-invasive route to characterize the volumetric porosity percentage (30%, 40%, 50% and 60%) and the range of pore size (100\u2013200 and 355\u2013500 mm) of porous titanium samples obtained with the space-holder technique. Impedance spectroscopy is proved to be an appropriate technique to characterize the level of porosity of the titanium samples and pore size, in an affordable and non-invasive way. The technique could also be used in smart implants to detect changes in the service life of the material, such as the appearance of fractures, the adhesion of osteoblasts and bacteria, or the formation of bone tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T06:02:21Z","timestamp":1596607341000},"page":"4358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization and Monitoring of Titanium Bone Implants with Impedance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Olmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM (CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), Av. Am\u00e9rico Vespucio, sn, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes sn, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM (CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), Av. Am\u00e9rico Vespucio, sn, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes sn, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6481-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Chicardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6481-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadir","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Calle Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holder, D. 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