{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T13:23:18Z","timestamp":1771852998612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEIES-18-04-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEIES-18-04-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016560","name":"Iqra University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICRF 015ME0-075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICRF 015ME0-075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE)","award":["015MA0-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015MA0-050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental stress has been identified as a significant cause of several bodily disorders, such as depression, hypertension, neural and cardiovascular abnormalities. Conventional stress assessment methods are highly subjective and tedious and tend to lack accuracy. Machine-learning (ML)-based computer-aided diagnosis systems can be used to assess the mental state with reasonable accuracy, but they require offline processing and feature extraction, rendering them unsuitable for real-time applications. This paper presents a real-time mental stress assessment approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The CNN-based approach afforded real-time mental stress assessment with an accuracy as high as 96%, the sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97%. The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art ML techniques in terms of accuracy, time utilisation, and quality of features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T09:30:54Z","timestamp":1596792654000},"page":"4400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Real-Time Stress Assessment Using Sliding Window Based Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Faraz","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Saad Azhar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norashikin","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Azhar","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Rauf","family":"Subhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Hasan","family":"Adil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Iqra University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2925-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubaid M","family":"Al Saggaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Intelligent Engineering Systems, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudia Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Moinuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Intelligent Engineering Systems, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudia Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006","article-title":"Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain","volume":"87","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. 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