{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:52:20Z","timestamp":1769763140896,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930110 and 41801348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930110 and 41801348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dynamic changes of the thawing and freezing processes of the active layer cause seasonal subsidence and uplift over a large area on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau due to ongoing climate warming. To analyze and investigate the seasonal freeze\u2013thaw process of the active layer, we employ the new small baseline subset (NSBAS) technique based on a piecewise displacement model, including seasonal deformation, as well as linear and residual deformation trends, to retrieve the surface deformation of the Beiluhe basin. We collect 35 Sentinel-1 images with a 12 days revisit time and 9 TerraSAR-X images with less-than two month revisit time from 2018 to 2019 to analyze the type of the amplitude of seasonal oscillation of different ground targets on the Beiluhe basin in detail. The Sentinel-1 results show that the amplitude of seasonal deformation is between \u221262.50 mm and 11.50 mm, and the linear deformation rate ranges from \u221224.50 mm\/yr to 5.00 mm\/yr (2018\u20132019) in the study area. The deformation trends in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway (QTR) and Qinghai\u2013Tibet Highway (QTH) regions are stable, ranging from \u221218.00 mm to 6 mm. The InSAR results of Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X data show that seasonal deformation trends are consistent, exhibiting good correlations 0.78 and 0.84, and the seasonal and linear deformation rates of different ground targets are clearly different on the Beiluhe basin. Additionally, there are different time lags between the maximum freezing uplift or thawing subsidence and the maximum or minimum temperature for the different ground target areas. The deformation values of the alpine meadow and floodplain areas are higher compared with the alpine desert and barren areas, and the time lags of the freezing and thawing periods based on the Sentinel-1 results are longest in the alpine desert area, that is, 86 days and 65 days, respectively. Our research has important reference significance for the seasonal dynamic monitoring of different types of seasonal deformation and the extensive investigations of permafrost in Qinghai Tibet Plateau.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T09:04:16Z","timestamp":1597050256000},"page":"4464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Small-Baseline Approach for Monitoring the Freezing and Thawing Deformation of Permafrost on the Beiluhe Basin, Tibetan Plateau Using TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yixian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3352-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-2527-2017","article-title":"A New Map of the Permafrost Distribution on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-221-2012","article-title":"Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation","volume":"6","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.688","article-title":"Thermal state of permafrost and active layer in Central Asia during the international polar year","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Permafrost Periglac."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.518","article-title":"The transient layer: Implications for geocryology and climate-change science","volume":"16","author":"Shur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Permafrost Periglac."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2019-0191","article-title":"Characteristic, changes and impacts of permafrost on Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. 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