{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T21:47:29Z","timestamp":1772142449690,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-106468RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106468RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)","award":["SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000276\/2 (cofunded with FEDER funds, EU)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000276\/2 (cofunded with FEDER funds, EU)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFU2016-75609-P (AEI\/FEDER, UE) and CTQ2016-76231-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2016-75609-P (AEI\/FEDER, UE) and CTQ2016-76231-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herein, a novel electrochemical glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on a surface containing platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) electrodeposited on poly(Azure A) (PAA) previously electropolymerized on activated screen-printed carbon electrodes (GOx-PtNPs-PAA-aSPCEs) is reported. The resulting electrochemical biosensor was validated towards glucose oxidation in real samples and further electrochemical measurement associated with the generated H2O2. The electrochemical biosensor showed an excellent sensitivity (42.7 \u03bcA mM\u22121 cm\u22122), limit of detection (7.6 \u03bcM), linear range (20 \u03bcM\u20132.3 mM), and good selectivity towards glucose determination. Furthermore, and most importantly, the detection of glucose was performed at a low potential (0.2 V vs. Ag). The high performance of the electrochemical biosensor was explained through surface exploration using field emission SEM, XPS, and impedance measurements. The electrochemical biosensor was successfully applied to glucose quantification in several real samples (commercial juices and a plant cell culture medium), exhibiting a high accuracy when compared with a classical spectrophotometric method. This electrochemical biosensor can be easily prepared and opens up a good alternative in the development of new sensitive glucose sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"4489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Glucose Biosensor Based on Disposable Activated Carbon Electrodes Modified with Platinum Nanoparticles Electrodeposited on Poly(Azure A)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Fi\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Iniesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8636-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edelmira","family":"Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068069y","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management","volume":"108","author":"Heller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.01.046","article-title":"Flow-injection amperometric determination of glucose using a biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase onto Au seeds decorated on core Fe3O4 nanoparticles","volume":"142","author":"Samphao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.10.010","article-title":"Successive determination of urinary protein and glucose using spectrophotometric sequential injection method","volume":"604","author":"Sakai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1981.tb14589.x","article-title":"HPLC determination of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in potatoes","volume":"46","author":"Wilson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1081\/JLC-120008813","article-title":"Analysis of carbohydrates by capillary zone electrophoresis with on-capillary derivatization","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Related Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00193a004","article-title":"Multivariate determination of glucose in whole-blood by attenuated total reflection infrared-spectroscopy","volume":"61","author":"Heise","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990060r","article-title":"A fluorescence-based glucose biosensor using concanavalin A and dextran encapsulated in a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel","volume":"71","author":"Russell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068123a","article-title":"Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.H., Lee, S.H., Lee, U.J., Fermin, C.D., and Kim, M. (2019). Immobilized enzymes in biosensor applications. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12010121"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra22351a","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemical glucose biosensors: A review","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ang, L.F., Por, L.Y., and Yam, M.F. (2015). Development of an amperometric-based glucose biosensor to measure the glucose content of fruit. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111859"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.6b00948","article-title":"Bioelectroanalysis in a drop: Construction of a glucose biosensor","volume":"94","author":"Rama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2008.05.020","article-title":"An electrochemically preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode for achieving direct electron transfer to glucose oxidase","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2017.06.005","article-title":"A bimetallic nanocoral Au decorated with Pt nanoflowers (bio)sensor for H2O2 detection at low potential","volume":"129","author":"Sanzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.06.05","article-title":"A Glucose biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase co-entrapped in carbon nanotubes modified electrode","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-316","article-title":"Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes\/polypyrrole composites for amperometric glucose biosensors","volume":"8","author":"Raicopol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(04)00411-7","article-title":"Amperometric glucose biosensor based on adsorption of glucose oxidase at platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube electrode","volume":"331","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.136","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on in situ grown Pt nanoparticles from waste screen-printed electrodes","volume":"249","author":"Agrisuelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0201702jes","article-title":"Electrochemical properties of poly(azure A) films synthesized in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution","volume":"164","author":"Agrisuelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.04.053","article-title":"Non-enzymatic detection of glucose using poly(azure A)-nickel","volume":"156","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.006","article-title":"Fabrication of hollow CuO\/PANI hybrid nanofibers for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of H2O2 and glucose","volume":"286","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.12.189","article-title":"Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in electropolymerized poly(o-phenylenediamine) film on platinum nanoparticles-polyvinylferrocenium modified electrode","volume":"123","author":"Turkmen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1021\/nn400482d","article-title":"Highly sensitive glucose sensor based on Pt nanoparticle\/polyaniline hydrogel heterostructures","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.03.140","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle and conducting polymer-polyaniline-based nanocomposites for glucose biosensor design","volume":"189","author":"Mazeiko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2018.05.002","article-title":"Highly activated screen-printed carbon electrode by electrochemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide","volume":"91","author":"Agrisuelas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.03.026","article-title":"Electrochemical performance of activated screen-printed carbon electrodes for hydrogen peroxide and phenol derivatives sensing","volume":"839","author":"Agrisuelas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrisuelas, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez, M.I., G\u00f3mez-Monedero, B., and Valero, E. (2018). A comparative study of poly(azure A) film-modified disposable electrodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of H2O2. Effect of doping anion. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10010048"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Monedero, B., Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez, M.-I., Iniesta, J., Agrisuelas, J., and Valero, E. (2019). Design and characterization of effective Ag, Pt and AgPt nanoparticles to H2O2 electrosensing from scrapped printed electrodes. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071685"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126878","article-title":"Highly sensitive H2O2 sensor based on poly(azure A)-platinum nanoparticles deposited on activated screen printed carbon electrodes","volume":"298","author":"Valero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107526","article-title":"Non-enzymatic screen-printed sensor based on PtNPs@polyazure A for the real-time tracking of the H2O2 secreted from living plant cells","volume":"134","author":"Almagro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/220604a0","article-title":"Ethylene produced by plant cells in suspension cultures","volume":"220","author":"Gamborg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26199","DOI":"10.1021\/jp508711k","article-title":"Selective packaging of ferricyanide within thermoresponsive microgels","volume":"118","author":"Mergel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.12.030","article-title":"Aldehyde functionalized ionic liquid on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide as a versatile platform for covalent immobilization of biomolecules and biosensing","volume":"103","author":"Manoj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201600697","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles stabilized in \u03b2-cyclodextrin and decorated with laccase applied in the construction of a biosensor for rutin","volume":"29","author":"Brugnerotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.F., and Park, J.Y. (2017). Fabrication of sensitive enzymatic biosensor based on multi-layered reduced graphene oxide added PtAu nanoparticles-modified hybrid electrode. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173553"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00095-4","article-title":"Microstructural modifications induced by the entrapped gulcose oxidase in cross-linked polyacrylamide microgels used as glucose sensors","volume":"24","author":"Retama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.01.008","article-title":"Sensitive amperometric biosensors for detection of glucose and cholesterol using a platinum\/reduced graphene oxide\/poly(3-aminobenzoic acid) film-modified screen-printed carbon electrode","volume":"127","author":"Phetsang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.07.013","article-title":"Enzymatic glucose biosensor based on manganese dioxide nanoparticles decorated on graphene nanoribbons","volume":"823","author":"Vukojevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83164","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA14139G","article-title":"XPS in development of chemical sensors","volume":"5","author":"Mazzotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G. (2015). Surface modified electrodes in a microfluidic biosensor. Nanoscale Surface Modification for Enhanced Biosensing: A Journey toward Better Glucose Monitoring, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17479-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.03.040","article-title":"In situ chemo-synthesized multi-wall carbon nanotube-conductive polyaniline nanocomposites: Characterization and application for a glucose amperometric biosensor","volume":"85","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.03.024","article-title":"Development of an acetaminophen amperometric biosensor based on peroxidase entrapped in polyacrylamide microgels","volume":"26","author":"Valero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosen. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(02)00021-0","article-title":"Enhancement of operational stability of an enzyme biosensor for glucose and sucrose using protein based stabilizing agents","volume":"17","author":"Gouda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201600797","article-title":"Measurement of total antioxidant capacity by electrogenerated iodine at disposable screen printed electrodes","volume":"29","author":"Agrisuelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111323","article-title":"Amperometric glucose biosensing performance of a novel graphene nanoplatelets-iron phthalocyanine incorporated conducting hydrogel","volume":"139","author":"Kaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b00041","article-title":"Functionalized graphene oxide bridging between enzyme and Au-sputtered screen-printed interface for glucose detection","volume":"2","author":"Akhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.008","article-title":"Paper-based maskless enzymatic sensor for glucose determination combining ink and wire electrodes","volume":"93","author":"Rama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.12.067","article-title":"A paper disk equipped with graphene\/polyaniline\/Au nanoparticles\/glucose oxidase biocomposite modified screen-printed electrode: Toward whole blood glucose determination","volume":"56","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4489\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:10Z","timestamp":1760176750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]}}}