{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:19:39Z","timestamp":1776334779463,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic","award":["LTE117005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTE117005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the issue of mobile device localization in the environment of buildings, which is suitable for use in healthcare or crisis management. The developed localization system is based on wireless Local Area Network (LAN) infrastructure (commonly referred to as Wi-Fi), evaluating signal strength from different access points, using the fingerprinting method for localization. The most serious problems consist in multipath signal propagation and the different sensitivities (calibration) of Wi-Fi adapters installed in different mobile devices. To solve these issues, an algorithm based on fuzzy logic is proposed to optimize the localization performance. The localization system consists of five elements, which are mobile applications for Android OS, a fuzzy derivation model, and a web surveillance environment for displaying the localization results. All of these elements use a database and shared storage on a virtualized server running Ubuntu. The developed system is implemented in Java for Android-based mobile devices and successfully tested. The average accuracy is satisfactory for determining the position of a client device on the level of rooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"4490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Indoor Positioning System Based on Fuzzy Logic and WLAN Infrastructure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaromir","family":"Hrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Vojtech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Cihlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0801-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Stasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Control Systems, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172\/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Neruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9997-6078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Benes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Control Systems, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172\/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-3359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Svub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Control Systems, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172\/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrad, J., Vojtech, L., Cihlar, M., Stasa, P., Neruda, M., Svub, J., and Benes, F. (2020, January 29\u201331). Fuzzy Logic Based Indoor Localization Using WLAN Infrastructure. Proceedings of the IEEE Eurasia Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare and Sustainability (ECBIOS), Tainan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECBIOS50299.2020.9203711"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Konecny, J., Urbanczyk, T., Benes, F., and Stasa, P. (2019). Framework AutoId Healthcare, Centre for Applied Cybernetics."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Malik, A. (2009). RTLS for Dummies, Wiley & Sons. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.06.012","article-title":"RFID indoor location identification for construction projects","volume":"39","author":"Montaser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090103","article-title":"A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., and Tan, Z. (2013, January 29\u201331). Overview of Received Signal Strength Based Fingerprinting Localization in Indoor Wireless LAN Environments. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications (MAPE), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAPE.2013.6689973"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2491688","article-title":"Locating using prior information: Wireless indoor localization algorithm","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wu, C., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., and Xi, W. (2012, January 25\u201330). WILL: Wireless Indoor Localization without Site Survey. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Dessai, P., Verma, M., and Gerla, M. (2013, January 14\u201319). FreeLoc: Calibration-Free Crowdsourced Indoor Localization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6567054"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farshad, A., Li, J., Marina, M.K., and Garcia, F.J. (2013, January 28\u201331). A Microscopic Look at Wi-Fi Fingerprinting for Indoor Mobile Phone Localization in Diverse Environments. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Montbeliard-Belfort, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2013.6817920"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Sospedra, J., Jim\u00e9nez, A.R., Moreira, A., Lungenstrass, T., Lu, W.-C., Knauth, S., Mendoza-Silva, G.M., Seco, F., P\u00e9rez-Navarro, A., and Nicolau, M.J. (2018). Off-Line Evaluation of Mobile-Centric Indoor Positioning Systems: The Experiences from the 2017 IPIN Competition. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020487"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.G., Fernandes, D., Catarino, A.P., and Monteiro, J. (2017). Performance Analysis of ToA-Based Positioning Algorithms for Static and Dynamic Targets with Low Ranging Measurements. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081915"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honkavirta, V., Per\u00e4l\u00e4, T., Ali-L\u00f6ytty, S., and Pich\u00e9, R.A. (2009, January 19). Comparative Survey of WLAN Location Fingerprinting Methods. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication (WPNC), Hannover, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2009.4907834"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2014.24","article-title":"Building a Practical Wi-Fi-Based Indoor Navigation System","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.G., Fernandes, D., Catarino, A., Rocha, A.M., and Monteiro, J.L. (2019). A Loose-Coupled Fusion of Inertial and UWB Assisted by a Decision-Making Algorithm for Localization of Emergency Responders. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121463"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wi-Fi Fingerprint Localization in Open Space","volume":"2013","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lang. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2464084","article-title":"Wi-Fi fingerprint-based indoor positioning: Recent advances and comparisons","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2010.07.001","article-title":"Indoor tracking for mission critical scenarios: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.91","article-title":"Location and Navigation Support for Emergency Responders: A Survey","volume":"9","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2703620","article-title":"Localization and Positioning Systems for Emergency Responders: A Survey","volume":"19","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Cihl\u00e1\u0159, M. (2014). Anal\u00fdza Pokryt\u00ed Zadan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed Sign\u00e1lem pro Technologii RTLS v p\u00e1smu 2,45 GHz. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Czech Technical University]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.243","article-title":"SSD: A Robust RF Location Fingerprint Addressing Mobile Devices\u2019 Heterogeneity","volume":"12","author":"Hossain","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Welch, G., and Bishop, G. (1995). An Introduction to the Kalman Filter, University of North Carolina."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1109\/21.199466","article-title":"Generating fuzzy rules by learning from examples","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2002.1018771","article-title":"COR: A methodology to improve ad hoc data-driven linguistic rule learning methods by inducing cooperation among rules","volume":"32","author":"Casillas","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.12.159","article-title":"Fuzzy model tuning using simulated annealing","volume":"38","author":"Yanar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Liu, G., and Yang, W. (2000, January 4\u20136). Learning and Tuning of Fuzzy Membership Functions by Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems: Electronic Communication Systems, Tianjin, China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00940812","article-title":"Thermodynamical approach to the traveling salesman problem: An efficient simulation algorithm","volume":"45","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","article-title":"Optimization by Simulated Annealing","volume":"220","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s002149900053","article-title":"Perspective on Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines","volume":"103","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4490\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:11Z","timestamp":1760176751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]}}}