{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:26:25Z","timestamp":1775737585114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects in Zhejiang Province","award":["2019C03098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019C03098"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1709207, 51578506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1709207, 51578506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Program for Science and Technology of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Transportation","award":["2017027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural health monitoring systems provide many advantages for full-scale measurements in bridge monitoring. In this study, a strong landing typhoon event recorded at the Jintang Bridge (Zhejiang Province, China) in 2019 was selected to study the nonstationary wind and cable vibration characteristics. To study the characteristics of the recorded typhoon, the time-varying mean wind was extracted based on the adaptive method of the wavelet-matrix transform. The nonstationary characteristics of Typhoon Lekima, including the turbulence intensity, gust factor, and fluctuating wind power spectral density, were analyzed and compared with the stationary model characteristics of a typhoon, and the typical characteristics and parameters were obtained. In addition, the measured vibration response of the cables was analyzed. The vibration characteristics of the cables and the energy distribution of the wind speed wavelet packet were investigated. The vibrations at different positions were compared. A power spectrum analysis and a wavelet packet energy analysis of the cable were performed. The results of this study can be used as a basis for wind-resistant design and performance evaluation of bridges under similar operational conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T02:58:02Z","timestamp":1597287482000},"page":"4520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Field Monitoring and Analysis of the Vibration of Stay Cables under Typhoon Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3605-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of bridge Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9940-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xujiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of bridge Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Key technical innovation of Xihoumen Bridge\u2014The longest steel box gird suspension bridge in the world","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.01.025","article-title":"Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study","volume":"281","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sound. Vib."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2006.07.001","article-title":"Field observations of rain-wind-induced cable vibration in cable-stayed Dongting Lake Bridge","volume":"95","author":"Ni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1100178","article-title":"Long-term field measurement and analysis of the natural wind characteristics at the site of Xi-hou-men Bridge","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"11","article-title":"Field measurement of non-stationary characteristics at site of Qingcaobei Yangtze River Bridge in Three Gorges","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2016.02.001","article-title":"Measurements and analysis of non-stationary wind characteristics at Sutong Bridge in Typhoon Damrey","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2017.10.030","article-title":"Strong wind characteristics and dynamic response of a long-span suspension bridge during a storm","volume":"172","author":"Fenerci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708737208","article-title":"The spectrum of horizontal gustiness near the ground in high wind","volume":"87","author":"Davenport","year":"1961","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"563","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence","volume":"98","author":"Kaimal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709138908","article-title":"Vertical structure of turbulence","volume":"91","author":"Panofsky","year":"1965","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(90)90001-S","article-title":"Some further thoughts on the spectrum of gustiness in strong winds","volume":"33","author":"Harris","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.54.1_59","article-title":"Horizontal Space Correlations of Velocity Fluctuations during Strong Winds","volume":"54","author":"Shiotani","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Architectural Institute of Japan (2004). Recommendations for Loads on Buildings, Architectural Institute of Japan."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Professional Standard PRC (2004). Wind-Resistant Design Specification for Highway Bridges, China Communications Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"American Society of Civil Engineering (2010). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-10."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2015.02.008","article-title":"Derivation of time-varying mean for non-stationary downburst winds","volume":"141","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X.H., Qin, H.X., Tao, T.Y., Liu, W.S., and Wang, H. (2017). Measurement of Non-Stationary Characteristics of a Landfall Typhoon at the Jiangyin Bridge Site. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102186"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-006-9085-1","article-title":"A comparative study of stationary and non-stationary wind models using field measurements","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bound.-Lay. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechrescom.2011.04.010","article-title":"A wavelet-based spectrum for non-stationary processes","volume":"38","author":"Failla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:6(912)","article-title":"Characterizing nonstationary wind speed using empirical mode decomposition","volume":"130","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016230","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001725","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Wind Characteristics of a Strong Wind Event Based on Stationary and Nonstationary Models","volume":"143","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2008.12.010","article-title":"Wavelets-based estimation of multivariate evolutionary spectra and its application to nonstationary downburst winds","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1109\/8.611238","article-title":"An effective wavelet matrix transform approach for efficient solutions of electromagnetic integral equations","volume":"45","author":"Xiang","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Antenn. Propag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026714","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.77.026714","article-title":"Dynamic compound wavelet matrix method for multiphysics and multiscale problems","volume":"77","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"56","article-title":"The improvement of orthogonality of Daubechies wavelet by wavelet matrix","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jiangxi Electr. Power"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2014.12.012","article-title":"A case study of gust factor of a strong typhoon","volume":"138","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Ren, L., He, X., Lu, S., Guo, H., and Wu, T. (2020). Strong Wind Characteristics and Buffeting Response of a Cable-Stayed Bridge under Construction. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041228"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(83)90128-9","article-title":"Wind profiles, turbulence intensities and gust factors for design in typhoon-prone regions","volume":"13","author":"Ishizaki","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(83)90126-5","article-title":"Gradient height and velocity profile during typhoons","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2008.10.002","article-title":"Wind characteristics of a strong typhoon","volume":"97","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(95)00010-O","article-title":"Response characteristics of rain-wind induced vibration of stay-cables of cable-stayed bridges","volume":"57","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Hang, D., and Zhu, X.J. (2020). Prediction of crack propagation in U-rib components based on the Markov chain. ASCE J. Bridge. Eng., Accepted.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001624"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2013.11.4.331","article-title":"Wavelet based multi-step filtering method for bridge health monitoring using GPS and accelerometer","volume":"11","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2004.09.008","article-title":"Measurements of dynamic properties of a medium span suspension bridge by using the wavelet transforms","volume":"20","author":"Meo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4520\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:52Z","timestamp":1760176792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164520","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}