{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:08:33Z","timestamp":1760238513325,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61905165","61905164","61635007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61905165","61905164","61635007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018KQNCX219","2019A050510047","2019A050510047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KQNCX219","2019A050510047","2019A050510047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen","award":["JCYJ20170818093743767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20170818093743767"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We demonstrate a high-strength strain sensor based on a micro-air-cavity reshaped through repeating arc discharge. The strain sensor has a micro-scale cavity, approximate plane reflection, and large wall thickness, contributing to a broad free spectrum range ~36 nm at 1555 nm, high fringe contrast ~38 dB, and super-high mechanical robustness, respectively. A sensitivity of ~2.39 pm\/\u03bc\u03b5 and a large measurement range of 0 to 9800 \u03bc\u03b5 are achieved for this strain sensor. The strain sensor has a high strength, e.g., the tensile strain applied the sensor is up to 10,000 \u03bc\u03b5 until the tested the single-mode fiber is broken into two sections. In addition, it exhibited low thermal sensitivity of less than 1.0 pm\/\u00b0C reducing the cross-sensitivity between tensile strain and temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"4530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A High-Strength Strain Sensor Based on a Reshaped Micro-Air-Cavity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yanping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junxian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengqiang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengzhen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changrui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2915266","article-title":"Temperature-Compensated Multifunctional All-Fiber Sensors for Precise Strain\/High-Pressure Measurement","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.001337","article-title":"Absolute Strain Measurements Madewith Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors","volume":"43","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14936","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.014936","article-title":"Hybrid LPFG\/MEFPI Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of High-Temperature and Strain","volume":"43","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9443","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.009443","article-title":"Temperature-Insensitive Fiber Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometer Based on Special Air Cavity for Transverse Load and Strain Measurements","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002121","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Strain Sensor Based on in-Fiber Improved Fabry-Perot Interferometer","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7624","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07624","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Strain Sensor Based on in-Fiber Rectangular Air Bubble","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.384922","article-title":"Parallel Fabry-Perot Interferometers Fabricated on Multicore-Fiber for Temperature and Strain Discriminative Sensing","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.000757","article-title":"Microfiber in-Line Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometerfor Strain Sensing","volume":"38","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46633","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Helical Structure Combined with Mach-Zehnder Interferometer in Multicore Fiber","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2016.2516254","article-title":"Spatial-Division Multiplexed Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometers in Heterogeneous Multicore Fiber for Multiparameter Measurement","volume":"8","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.005267","article-title":"Hybrid Structured Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowal, D., Urbanczyk, W., and Mergo, P. (2018). Twin-Core Fiber-Based Mach Zehnder Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030915"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.01.060","article-title":"Strain and Temperature Discrimination by Using Temperature-Independent Fpi and Fbg","volume":"272","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nano Silica Diaphragm in-Fiber Cavity for Gas Pressure Measurement","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002827","article-title":"Sub-Micron Silica Diaphragm-Based Fiber-Tip Fabry-Perot Interferometer for Pressure Measurement","volume":"39","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.004473","article-title":"Tunable Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating Based on Femtosecond Laser Fabricated in-Grating Bubble","volume":"38","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8719","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.008719","article-title":"In-Line Short Cavity Fabry-Perot Strain Sensor for Quasi Distributed Measurement Utilizing Standard OTDR","volume":"15","author":"Cibula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2797104","article-title":"A Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometer Strain Sensor Based on Concave-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber","volume":"36","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2124452","article-title":"Pcf-Based Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Interferometric Sensor for Strain Measurement at High Temperatures","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2947615","article-title":"Using Mode Coupling Mechanism in Symmetrical Triple-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber for High Performance Strain Sensing","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800886","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800886","article-title":"Tapered Hollow-Core Fiber Air-Microbubble Fabry-Perot Interferometer for High Sensitivity Strain Measurement","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14084","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.014084","article-title":"Compressible Fiber Optic Micro-Fabry-Perot Cavity with Ultra-High Pressure Sensitivity","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105308","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/10\/105308","article-title":"An Extrinsic Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometer-Based Large Strain Sensor with High Resolution","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04902-3","article-title":"Accurate Strain Sensing Based on Super-Mode Interference in Strongly Coupled Multi-Core Optical Fibres","volume":"7","author":"Villatoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.381452","article-title":"A phase-shifted FBG modulated by a hollow cavity for measuring gas pressure","volume":"45","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.002441","article-title":"Photonic-crystal-fiber-enabled micro-FabryPerot interferometer","volume":"34","author":"Villatoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:58Z","timestamp":1760176798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]}}}