{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:00:42Z","timestamp":1778709642426,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In high concentrations, ionic species can be toxic in the body, catalyzing unwanted bioreactions, inhibiting enzymes, generating free radicals, in addition to having been associated with diseases like Alzheimer\u2019s and cancer. Although ionic species are ubiquitous in the environment in trace amounts, high concentrations of these metals are often found within industrial and agricultural waste runoff. Therefore, it remains a global interest to develop technologies capable of quickly and accurately detecting trace levels of ionic species, particularly in aqueous environments that naturally contain other competing\/inhibiting ions. Herein, we provide an overview of the technologies that have been developed, including the general theory, design, and benefits\/challenges associated with ion-selective electrode technologies (carrier-doped membranes, carbon-based varieties, enzyme inhibition electrodes). Notable variations of these electrodes will be highlighted, and a brief overview of associated electrochemical techniques will be given.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T08:28:35Z","timestamp":1597393715000},"page":"4568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modern Electrode Technologies for Ion and Molecule Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0096-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William S.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"},{"name":"Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keat Ghee","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-005-4451-x","article-title":"Occurrence, use and potential toxic effects of metals and metal compounds","volume":"19","author":"Florea","year":"2006","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.05.002","article-title":"Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems\u2014A global assessment","volume":"32","author":"Camargo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. 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