{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:55:35Z","timestamp":1774889735686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST109-2221-E-492-005, 109-2811-E-038 -502 -MY3, and 108-2314-B-038 -017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2221-E-492-005, 109-2811-E-038 -502 -MY3, and 108-2314-B-038 -017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["DP2-108-21121-01-N-08-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-108-21121-01-N-08-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many mini-implantable devices have been developed and fabricated for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Wireless implantable biomicrosystems provide a desirable approach for long-term physiological signal monitoring. In this study, we implemented a wireless implantable biomicrosystem for bladder-cavity pressure measurements in a freely moving rabbit. To manage the power more effectively, a magnetic reed switch was applied to turn on\/off the implantable module using a neodymium\u2013iron\u2013boron (NdFeB) magnet. The measured bladder pressure signal was wirelessly transmitted from the implantable module to a host unit. Our results indicated that the implantable biomicrosystem exhibited satisfactory performance and safety, as evidenced by an error percentage of less than \u00b11% for pressure measurements and less than 2 \u00b0C of a temperature rise under normal operation. The wireless biomicrosystem was implanted into the bladder cavity of a rabbit. Bladder pressure was simultaneously measured by both the biomicrosystem and conventional cystometry in the animal. The two signals were similar during the voiding phase, with a correlation coefficient of 0.885. Additionally, the biomicrosystem coated with polydimethylsiloxane in this study showed no cytotoxicity, which confirmed its biocompatibility. In conclusion, we demonstrated a good biocompatible wireless biomicrosystem which showed good reproducibility with respect to pressure monitoring by conventional cystometry. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this preliminary feasibility study for actual clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T06:33:20Z","timestamp":1597646000000},"page":"4610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Designing and Implementing an Implantable Wireless Micromanometer System for Real-Time Bladder Pressure Monitoring: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 30261, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ling-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 30261, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-4094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"The time-frequency analysis of the pudendo-to-pudendal nerve and pelvic-to-pudendal nerve reflexes in anesthetized intact rats","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","article-title":"Standardisation sub-committee of the international continence society, the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the international continence society","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)46075-7","article-title":"Effect of vesical outlet obstruction on detrusor contractility and passive properties in rabbits","volume":"135","author":"Ghoniem","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sillen, U. (2008). Bladder dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux. Adv. Urol., 2008.","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/815472"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00794-9","article-title":"Electromyographic study of the striated urethral sphincter in type 3 stress incontinence: Evidence of myogenic-dominant damages","volume":"56","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20319","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of urodynamic assessment for maintenance of bladder function in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Nosseir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96280","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096280","article-title":"Catheterless long-term ambulatory urodynamic measurement using a novel three-device system","volume":"9","author":"Wille","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2015.19.3.133","article-title":"Implantable bladder sensors: A methodological review","volume":"19","author":"Dakurah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20620","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120620","article-title":"Chronically implanted pressure sensors: Challenges and state of the field","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12802","DOI":"10.3390\/s150612802","article-title":"Design and evaluation of potentiometric principles for bladder volume monitoring: A preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.03.040","article-title":"An autonomous bladder pressure monitoring system","volume":"123","author":"Coosemans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/2180878.2180883","article-title":"Wireless, ultra-low-power implantable sensor for chronic bladder pressure monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Majerus","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2171368","article-title":"Detecting the onset of urinary bladder contractions using an implantable pressure sensor","volume":"19","author":"Melgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-008-9232-1","article-title":"Development of a fully implantable wireless pressure monitoring system","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.921601","article-title":"A mini-invasive long-term bladder urine pressure measurement ASIC and system","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2085002","article-title":"Low-power wireless micromanometer system for acute and chronic bladder-pressure monitoring","volume":"58","author":"Majerus","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00821B","article-title":"Implantable wireless battery recharging system for bladder pressure chronic monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2010.01.035","article-title":"The bladder pill: An in-body system logging bladder pressure","volume":"162","author":"Jourand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2011.10.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the biocompatibility of a coating material for an implantable bladder volume sensor","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10066","article-title":"International Continence Society, Good urodynamic practices: Uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23183","article-title":"Effects of pulsed-radiofrequency neuromodulation on the rat with overactive bladder","volume":"36","author":"Jen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-2028-1","article-title":"Improved voiding function by deep brain stimulation in traumatic brain-injured animals with bladder dysfunctions","volume":"51","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praveen Rajneesh, C., Yang, L.Y., Chen, S.C., Hsieh, T.H., Chin, H.Y., and Peng, C.W. (2019). Cystometric measurements in rats with an experimentally induced traumatic brain injury and voiding dysfunction: A time-course study. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9110325"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2015.56.12.837","article-title":"Noxious electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor and vagina induces transient voiding dysfunction in a rabbit survival model of pelvic floor dystonia","volume":"56","author":"Dobberfuhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/1\/008","article-title":"An implantable bi-directional wireless transmission system for transcutaneous biological signal recording","volume":"26","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202506","article-title":"Intradural sacral rhizotomies and implantation of an anterior sacral root stimulator in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Kerrebroeck","year":"1991","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000299","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"McGee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2004.04.008","article-title":"Artificial autonomic reflexes: Using functional electrical stimulation to mimic bladder reflexes after injury or disease","volume":"113","author":"Middleton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.12.016","article-title":"Plasticity of urinary bladder reflexes evoked by stimulation of pudendal afferent nerves after chronic spinal cord injury in cats","volume":"228","author":"Tai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20174","article-title":"Sacral versus pudendal nerve stimulation for voiding dysfunction: A prospective, single-blinded, randomized, crossover trial","volume":"24","author":"Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930060506","article-title":"Detrusor inhibition on selective pudendal nerve stimulation in the perineum","volume":"6","author":"Plevnik","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F543","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00373.2017","article-title":"Stimulation of the sensory pudendal nerve increases bladder capacity in the rat","volume":"314","author":"Hokanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R660","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00270.2007","article-title":"Role of pudendal afferents in voiding efficiency in the rat","volume":"294","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2219883","article-title":"Application of implantable wireless biomicrosystem for monitoring nerve impedance of rat after sciatic nerve injury","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"44","article-title":"First clinical results with a new telemetric intracranial pressure-monitoring system","volume":"70","author":"Welschehold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:01:56Z","timestamp":1760176916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]}}}