{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:57:08Z","timestamp":1774292228030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2622-8-182-001-TS1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2622-8-182-001-TS1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3G1631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3G1631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pressure injury is the most important issue facing paralysis patients and the elderly, especially in long-term care or nursing. A new interfacial pressure sensing system combined with a flexible textile-based pressure sensor array and a real-time readout system improved by the Kalman filter is proposed to monitor interfacial pressure progress in the cardiac operation. With the design of the Kalman filter and parameter optimization, noise immunity can be improved by approximately 72%. Additionally, cardiac operation patients were selected to test this developed system for the direct correlation between pressure injury and interfacial pressure for the first time. The pressure progress of the operation time was recorded and presented with the visible data by time- and 2-dimension-dependent characteristics. In the data for 47 cardiac operation patients, an extreme body mass index (BMI) and significantly increased pressure after 2 h are the top 2 factors associated with the occurrence of pressure injury. This methodology can be used to prevent high interfacial pressure in high-risk patients before and during operation. It can be suggested that this system, integrated with air mattresses, can improve the quality of care and reduce the burden of the workforce and medical cost, especially for pressure injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T06:33:20Z","timestamp":1597646000000},"page":"4619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Flexible Textile-Based Pressure Sensing System Applied in the Operating Room for Pressure Injury Monitoring of Cardiac Operation Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"De-Fen","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"eBio Technology Inc., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBio Technology Inc., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sou-Chih","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBio Technology Inc., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin-Fa","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Shan","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Ling","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0361-6348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pao-Hsien","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 199 Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2069-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Sung","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Der-Chi","family":"Shye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBio Technology Inc., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lun-Hui","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6824-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2017-007505","article-title":"Value of hospital resources for effective pressure injury prevention: A cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"28","author":"Padula","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Qual. 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