{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:08:15Z","timestamp":1760238495203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-22248S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-22248S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a new current-controlled current-amplifier suitable for precise measurement applications. This amplifier was developed with strong emphasis on linearity leading to low total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output signal, and on linearity of the gain control. The presented circuit is characterized by low input and high output impedances. Current consumption is significantly smaller than with conventional quadratic current multipliers and is comparable in order to the maximum processed input current, which is \u00b1200 \u00b5A. This circuit is supposed to be used in many sensor applications, as well as a precise current multiplier for general analog current signal processing. The presented amplifier (current multiplier) was designed by an uncommon topology based on linear sub-blocks using MOS transistors working in their linear region. The described circuit was designed and fabricated in a C035 I3T25 0.35-\u00b5m ON Semiconductor process because of the demand of the intended application for higher supply voltage. Nevertheless, the topology is suitable also for modern smaller CMOS technologies and lower supply voltages. The performance of the circuit was verified by laboratory measurement with parameters comparable to the Cadence simulation results and presented here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T11:15:27Z","timestamp":1597749327000},"page":"4653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The CMOS Highly Linear Current Amplifier with Current Controlled Gain for Sensor Measurement Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Prokop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technicka 3058\/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Sotner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technicka 3082\/12, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilem","family":"Kledrowetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technicka 3058\/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Active elements for analog signal processing: Classification, Review, and New Proposals","volume":"17","author":"Biolek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senani, R., Bhaskar, D.R., and Singh, A.K. (2015). Current Conveyors: Variants, Applications and Hardware Implementations, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08684-2"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"71","article-title":"Integrable electronically tunable current conveyors","volume":"135","author":"Surakampontorn","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEE Proc. G"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19940878","article-title":"Class A\/AB Second-generation Current Conveyor with Controlled Current Gain","volume":"30","author":"Fabre","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1078\/1434-8411-54100086","article-title":"Low Voltage Digitally Controlled CMOS Current Conveyor","volume":"56","author":"Soliman","year":"2002","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2006.875184","article-title":"A new CMOS electronically tunable current conveyor and its application to current-mode filters","volume":"53","author":"Minaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3","article-title":"Electronically Tunable Multi-Terminal Floating Nullor and its Applications","volume":"17","author":"Tangsrirat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-008-9213-6","article-title":"The VGC-CCII: A novel building block and its application to capacitance multiplication","volume":"58","author":"Marcellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.632","article-title":"Z Copy-Controlled Gain-Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier and its applications","volume":"39","author":"Biolek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-010-9470-z","article-title":"Electronically tunable multiphase sinusoidal oscillator using translinear current conveyors","volume":"65","author":"Kumngern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2011.643489","article-title":"An electronically tunable current-mode quadrature oscillator using PCAs","volume":"99","author":"Herencsar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2478\/v10048-012-0035-4","article-title":"An Additional Approach to Model Current Followers and Amplifiers with Electronically Controllable Parameters from Commercially Available ICs","volume":"12","author":"Sotner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotner, R., Jerabek, J., Herencsar, N., Dostal, T., and Vrba, K. (2012, January 3\u20134). Electronically Adjustable Modification of CFA: Double Current Controlled CFA (DCC-CFA). Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.6256324"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.786","article-title":"A complementary metal\u2013oxide semiconductor digitally programmable current conveyor","volume":"41","author":"Alzaher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-012-9942-4","article-title":"Adjustable band-pass filter with current active elements: Two fully-differential and single-ended solutions","volume":"74","author":"Jerabek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2016.03007","article-title":"A Single-Ended and Fully-Differential Universal Current-Mode Frequency Filter with MO-CF and DACA Elements","volume":"16","author":"Langhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). Dual Wide-Bandwidth Digitally Adjustable Current Amplifier (DACA). Available online: http:\/\/www.utko.feec.vutbr.cz\/~jerabekj\/daca.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Electronically controlled oscillator with linear frequency adjusting for four-phase or differential quadrature output signal generation","volume":"42","author":"Koton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.07.002","article-title":"On practical construction of electronically controllable compact current amplifier based on commercially available elements and its application","volume":"81","author":"Sotner","year":"2017","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotner, R., Langhammer, L., Petr\u017eela, J., Domansk\u00fd, O., and Dost\u00e1l, T. (2018, January 19\u201320). Applications of Novel Behavioral Implementation of a Controllable Generalized Current Conveyor. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference Radioelektronika 2018, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADIOELEK.2018.8376350"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza-Alfaro, F., Lopez-Martin, A.J., Palumbo, G., and Permisi, S. (2014, January 7\u201310). CMOS Class-AB Tunable Voltage-Feedback Current Operational Amplifier. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Marseille, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2014.7049941"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"574","article-title":"Low-Power Class-AB CMOS Voltage Feedback Current Operational Amplifier with Tunable Gain and Bandwidth","volume":"61","author":"Permisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safari, L., and Minaei, S. (2017, January 4\u20136). New ECCII-Based Electronically Controllable Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier with High Frequency Performance. Proceedings of the 2017 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD), Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCTD.2017.8093343"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, D., and Maheshwari, S. (2019, January 19\u201320). Low Voltage Current Mode Instrumentation Amplifier. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS), Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCIS48478.2019.8974467"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Altuner, M.S., Momen, H.G., Yazgi, M., Toker, A., and Zeki, A. (December, January 30). A Linear-in-dB-Control Variable Gain Amplifier Using a New Approach. Proceedings of the 2017 10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2006.04.001","article-title":"High-Speed CMOS Unity-Gain Current Amplifier","volume":"37","author":"Mita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2014.12.001","article-title":"Current follower based reconfigurable integrator\/differentiator circuits with passive and active components\u05f3 reuse","volume":"46","author":"Alzaher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1109\/82.842116","article-title":"Four-quadrant CMOS current-mode multiplier independent of device parameters","volume":"47","author":"Tanno","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Analog Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19910317","article-title":"Current multiplier\/divider circuit","volume":"27","author":"Wasaki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naderi, A., Mojarrad, H., Ghasemzadeh, H., Khoei, A., and Hadidi, K. (2009, January 21). Four-Quadrant CMOS Analog Multiplier Based on New Current Squarer Circuit with High-Speed. Proceedings of the IEEE Eurocon 2009, St.-Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EURCON.2009.5167644"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narksarp, W., Pawarangkoon, P., Kiranon, W., and Wadkien, P. (2009, January 18\u201321). A Four-Quadrant Current-Mode Multiplier\/Divider Building Block. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Pattaya, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICON.2009.5137072"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Festila, L., Cirlugea, M., Szolga, L., and Groza, R. (2008, January 19\u201321). Current-Mode Multiplier Models Based on FF\u22121 Functions. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Poznan, Poland."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.910112","article-title":"Design of a Simple Current-Mode Multiplier Topology Using a Single CCCII+","volume":"57","author":"Yuce","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Jaikla, W., and Siripruchyanun, M. (2007, January 17\u201319). A Novel Current-Mode Multiplier\/Divider Employing only Single Dual-Output Current Controlled CDTA. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Prommee, P., Somdunyakanok, M., Kumngern, M., and Dejhan, K. (September, January 18). Single Low-Supply Current-mode CMOS Analog Multiplier Circuit. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gravati, M., Valle, M., Ferri, G., Guerrini, N., and Reyes, N. (2005, January 12\u201316). A Novel Current-Mode very Low Power Analog CMOS Four Quadrant Multiplier. Proceedings of the 31st European Solid-State Circuits Conference, ESSCIRC 2005, Grenoble, France."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Hashiesh, M.A., Mahmoud, S.A., and Soliman, A.M. (2004, January 5\u20137). New Current-Mode and Voltage-Mode CMOS Analog Multipliers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, ICEEC \u201904, Cairo, Egypt."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2003.822401","article-title":"Design of voltage-mode and current-mode computational circuits using floating-gate MOS transistors","volume":"51","author":"Vlassis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kaewdang, K., Fongsamut, C., and Surakampontorn, W. (2003, January 25\u201328). A Wide-Band Current-Mode OTA-Based Analog Multiplier-Divider. Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS \u201903, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"El-Atta, M.A., El-Ela, M.A., and El Said, M.K. (2002, January 19\u201321). Four-Quadrant Current Multiplier and its Application as a Phase-Detector. Proceedings of the Nineteenth National Radio Science Conference, Alexandria, Egypt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20010593","article-title":"CMOS current-mode exponential-control variable-gain amplifier","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20010988","article-title":"Compact low voltage four quadrant CMOS current multiplier","volume":"37","author":"Ravindran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lopez-Martin, A.J., and Carlosena, A. (June, January 30). Geometric-Mean Based Current-Mode CMOS Multiplier\/Divider. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kongpoon, M. (2019, January 2\u20135). Ultra-Low-Power, Modular, Class-AB Current Multiplier. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology (ICEAST), 2019, Luang Prabang, Laos.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAST.2019.8802539"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlassis, S., Souliotis, G., and Plessas, F. (2019, January 13\u201315). Ultra Low-Voltage Current Squaring and Multiplier. Proceedings of the 8th 2019 International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOCAST.2019.8741800"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danesh, M., Jayaraj, A., Chandrasekaran, S.T., and Sanyal, A. (2019, January 26\u201329). Ultra-Low Power Analog Multiplier Based on Translinear Principle. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702330"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parveen, T. (2018, January 22\u201325). Electronically Tunable Current Mode Temperature Insensitive Active Only Analog Multiplier\/Divider. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference and Workshops on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAIE.2018.8710403"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloui, I., Hassen, N., and Besbes, K. (2018, January 19\u201322). \u00b10.75V Four Quadrant Analog Multiplier in Current Mode. Proceedings of the 15th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2018.8570667"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloui, I., Hassen, N., and Besbes, K. (2017, January 21\u201323). Low-Voltage Low-Power Four-Quadrant Analog Multiplier in Current-Mode. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), Monastir, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/STA.2017.8314944"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tijare, A., and Dakhole, P. (2016, January 6\u20138). CMOS Current Mode Analog Multiplier. Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (IConSIP), Nanded, Maharashtra.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONSIP.2016.7857457"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renge, A., Tijare, A., and Dakhole, P. (2016, January 6\u20138). CMOS Current-Mode Analog Multiplier. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), Melmaruvathur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2016.7754260"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baharmast, A., Azhari, S.J., and Mowlavi, S. (2016, January 10\u201312). A New Current Mode High Speed Four Quadrant CMOS Analog Multiplier. Proceedings of the 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Shiraz, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2016.7585735"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangjit, J., Tangsrirat, W., Satansup, J., and Surakampontorn, W. (2015, January 29\u201330). Simple Design Technique for Realizing Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Current Multiplier. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITEED.2015.7408923"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borkar, B.D., and Tijare, A.D. (2015, January 2\u20134). VLSI Implementation of Current Mode Analog Multiplier. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), Melmaruvathur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2015.7322541"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saatlo, A.N., Ozoguz, S., and Minaei, S. (2015, January 9\u201311). Applications of a CMOS Current Squaring Circuit in Analog Signal Processing. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.7296280"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, R.B., Rizol, P.M.S.R., and Mesquita, L. (2015, January 24\u201327). Design of CMOS Current-Mode Multiplier-Divider Circuit for Type-2 FLC Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS), Montevideo, Uruguay.","DOI":"10.1109\/LASCAS.2015.7250476"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumngern, M., and Chanwutitum, J. (2014, January 19\u201321). 0.75-V Four-Quadrant Current Multiplier Using Floating Gate-MOS Transistors. Proceedings of the International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON), Chonburi, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/iEECON.2014.6925870"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa, C. (2014, January 26\u201330). Improved Accuracy Current-Mode Analog Function Synthesizer. Proceedings of the 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO.2014.6859534"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2239670","article-title":"Improved Accuracy Current-Mode Multiplier Circuits with Applications in Analog Signal Processing","volume":"22","author":"Popa","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumngern, M., and Junnapiya, S. (2013, January 16\u201318). A CMOS Four-Quadrant Current Multiplier Using Electronically Tunable CCII. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC 2013), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATC.2013.6698138"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumngern, M., and Torteanchai, U. (2013, January 3\u20134). A CMOS Current-Mode Multiplier\/Divider Using a Current Amplifier. Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEOCO.2013.6564645"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaedi, S., and Farshidi, E. (2012, January 15\u201317). A New Low Voltage Four-Quadrant Current Mode Multiplier. Proceedings of the 20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE2012), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2012.6292344"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Absi, M.A., Hussein, A., and Abuelma\u2019atti, M.Y. (2012, January 3\u20135). A Novel Current-Mode Ultra Low Power Analog CMOS Four Quadrant Multiplier. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCE.2012.6271143"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongkolwai, P., and Tangsrirat, W. (2011, January 7\u20139). CFTA-Based Current Multiplier\/Divider Circuit. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems (ISPACS), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPACS.2011.6146074"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"21","article-title":"Fully Differential Current-Mode CMOS Triode Translinear Multiplier","volume":"58","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Martin, A.J., De La Cruz Blas, C.A., Ramirez-Angulo, J., and Carvajal, R.G. (June, January 30). Compact Low-Voltage CMOS Current-Mode Multiplier\/Divider. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2010.5537427"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Petchakit, W., Kiranon, W., Wardkien, P., and Petchakit, S. (2010, January 19\u201321). A Current-Mode CCCII-Based Analog Multiplier\/Divider. Proceedings of the ECTI-CON2010\u2013The 2010 ECTI International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Chiang Mai, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisutthipong, N., and Siripruchyanun, M. (2009, January 23-26). A Novel Simple Current-Mode Multiplier\/Divider Employing Only Single Multiple-Output Current Controlled CTTA. Proceedings of the TENCON 2009\u20142009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2009.5395877"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, D., Chaudhuri, A., Bhanja, M., Ray, B., and Banerjee, A. (2019, January 21\u201322). Series Realization of Non-Linear Analog Functions using Current Mode Device. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Networks (ISCON), Mathura, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCON47742.2019.9036231"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Fujcik, L., Vrba, R., and Prokop, R. (2010, January 17\u201320). CMOS Auto-Tunable Low-Pass Filter for Harmonic Signal Generator. Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP 2010), Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Gatti, U., Maloberti, F., and Torelli, G. (1990, January 1\u20133). A Novel CMOS Linear Transconductance Cell for Continuous-Time Filters. Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), New Orleans, LA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4653\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:02:38Z","timestamp":1760176958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/16\/4653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s20164653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20164653","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]}}}