{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:47:37Z","timestamp":1773330457813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009594","name":"P\u00e9csi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009594","name":"P\u00e9csi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KA-2019-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA-2019-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009594","name":"P\u00e9csi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TUDFO\/51757-1\/2019-ITM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUDFO\/51757-1\/2019-ITM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and reliable measurement of the electrical impedance spectrum is an essential requirement in order to draw relevant conclusions in many fields and a variety of applications; in particular, for biological processes. Even in the state-of-the-art methods developed for this purpose, the accuracy and efficacy of impedance measurements are reduced in biological systems, due to the regular occurrence of parameters causing measurement errors such as residual impedance, parasitic capacitance, generator anomalies, and so on. Recent observations have reported the necessity of decreasing such inaccuracies whenever measurements are performed in the ultra-low frequency range, as the above-mentioned errors are almost entirely absent in such cases. The current research work proposes a method which can reject the anomalies listed above when measuring in the ultra-low frequency range, facilitating data collection at the same time. To demonstrate our hypothesis, originating from the consideration of the determinant role of the measuring frequency, a physical model is proposed to examine the effectiveness of our method by measuring across the commonly used vs. ultra-low frequency ranges. Validation measurements reflect that the range of frequencies and the accuracy is much greater than in state-of-the-art methods. Using the proposed new impedance examination technique, biological system characterization can be carried out more accurately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T09:22:31Z","timestamp":1597828951000},"page":"4686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Physical Validation of a Residual Impedance Rejection Method during Ultra-Low Frequency Bio-Impedance Spectral Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0313-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan","family":"Vizvari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1479-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Gyorfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akos","family":"Odry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Technology, University of Dunaujvaros, Tancsics M. str. 1\/A, H-2401 Dunaujvaros, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-8750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaly","family":"Klincsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5404-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marin","family":"Gergics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Ifjusag str. 13, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3188-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levente","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Controls Research Center, University Research and Innovation Cetner, Obuda University, Becsi str. 96\/b, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6468-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozsef","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan","family":"Karadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Odry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Technology, University of Dunaujvaros, Tancsics M. str. 1\/A, H-2401 Dunaujvaros, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"643","article-title":"Extraction of Cole parameters from the electrical bioimpedance spectrum using stochastic optimization algorithms","volume":"54","author":"Bolic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. 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