{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:07:29Z","timestamp":1771272449352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11774102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11774102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Funds and Promotion Program for Young and Middle-aged Teacher in Science \\&amp; Technology Research of Huaqiao University","award":["ZQN-YX504, 17BS412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQN-YX504, 17BS412"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-CRP13-2014-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-CRP13-2014-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG89\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG89\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) have always received great attention in fiber optic communication systems and components which are sensitive to polarization. Moreover, they are widely applied for high-accuracy detection and sensing devices, such as fiber gyroscope, electric\/magnetic sensors, multi-parameter sensors, and so on. Here, we demonstrated the combination of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and Sagnac interference in the same section of a new type of PANDA-structure PMF for the simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature. This specialty PMF features two stress-applied parts made of lanthanum-aluminum co-doped silicate (SiO2-Al2O3-La2O3, SAL) glass, which has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than borosilicate glass used commonly in commercial PMFs. Furthermore, the FBG inscribed in this SAL PMF not only aids the device in discriminating strain and temperature, but also calibrates the phase birefringence of the SAL PMF more precisely thanks to the much narrower bandwidth of grating peaks. By analyzing the variation of wavelength interval between two FBG peaks, the underlying mechanism of the phase birefringence responding to temperature and strain is revealed. It explains exactly the sensing behavior of the SAL PMF based Sagnac interference dip. A numerical simulation on the SAL PMF\u2019s internal stress and consequent modal effective refractive indices was performed to double confirm the calibration of fiber\u2019s phase birefringence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T10:37:32Z","timestamp":1598265452000},"page":"4772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bragg Grating Assisted Sagnac Interferometer in SiO2-Al2O3-La2O3 Polarization-Maintaining Fiber for Strain\u2013Temperature Discrimination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9698-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Light Propagation and Transformation, College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"CINTRA CNRS\/NTU\/THALES, UMI 3288, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryna","family":"Kudinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS\/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"CINTRA CNRS\/NTU\/THALES, UMI 3288, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perry Ping","family":"Shum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"CINTRA CNRS\/NTU\/THALES, UMI 3288, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuguang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Humbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS\/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS\/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan Quyen","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"CINTRA CNRS\/NTU\/THALES, UMI 3288, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"},{"name":"Thales Solutions Asia Pte Ltd., R&amp;T Department, 21 Changi North Rise, Singapore 498788, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixiong","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Light Propagation and Transformation, College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez, A., and Morse, T.F. (2007). Specialty Optical Fibers Handbook, Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1986.1074847","article-title":"Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications","volume":"4","author":"Noda","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.002382","article-title":"High-birefringence fiber loop mirrors and their applications as sensors","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2722058","article-title":"Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer","volume":"90","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.095","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using multimode interference inside a high birefringence fiber loop mirror","volume":"177","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraz\u00e3o, O., Baptista, M.J., and Santos, L.J. (2007). Recent Advances in High-Birefringence Fiber Loop Mirror Sensors. Sensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/s7112970"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2008.06.001","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on a fiber Bragg grating combined with a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror","volume":"281","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.000253","article-title":"All-fiber Fabry-Perot resonators based on microfiber Sagnac loop mirrors","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180015","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2018.180015","article-title":"Sensing and lasing applications of whispering gallery mode microresonators","volume":"1","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opto-Electronic Advances"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1984.1073673","article-title":"Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber","volume":"2","author":"Chu","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4841","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.004841","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of multiparameters using a Sagnac interferometer with polarization maintaining side-hole fiber","volume":"47","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.003014","article-title":"Polarization characteristics of noncircular core single-mode fibers","volume":"17","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19790212","article-title":"Birefringence in optical fibres with elliptical cross-section","volume":"15","author":"Adams","year":"1979","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001547","article-title":"All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding","volume":"21","author":"Knight","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079280","article-title":"Photonic Crystal Fibers","volume":"299","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.9.000676","article-title":"Optical properties of a low-loss polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1109\/50.920847","article-title":"Polarization and Dispersive Properties of Elliptical-Hole Photonic Crystal Fibers","volume":"19","author":"Steel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1983.1072123","article-title":"Analytic solution for the birefringence produced by thermal stress in polarization-maintaining optical fibers","volume":"1","author":"Varnham","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.18.004080","article-title":"Birefringence in elliptically clad borosilicate single-mode fibers","volume":"18","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.7.003780","article-title":"Multimaterial polarization maintaining optical fibers fabricated with the powder-in-tube technology","volume":"7","author":"Kudinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/ijag.12006","article-title":"Study of Lanthanum Aluminum Silicate Glasses for Passive and Active Optical Fibers","volume":"3","author":"Litzkendorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5660","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.005660","article-title":"Brillouin scattering properties of lanthano-aluminosilicate optical fiber","volume":"53","author":"Dragic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2304521","article-title":"Investigation on the Impact of Hi-Bi Fiber Length on the Sensitivity of Sagnac Interferometer","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kim, H.M., Nam, H., Moon, D.S., Kim, Y.H., Lee, B.H., and Chung, Y. (2009, January 13\u201317). Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature with high sensing accuracy. Proceedings of the 2009 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33001","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.033001","article-title":"Supermode Bragg grating combined Mach-Zehnder interferometer for temperature-strain discrimination","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2004.10.002","article-title":"Stress birefringence analysis of polarization maintaining optical fibers","volume":"11","author":"Guan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.5.000261","article-title":"Polarization-maintaining few mode fiber composed of a central circular-hole and an elliptical-ring core","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.004486","article-title":"Dispersion in GeO2-SiO2 glasses","volume":"23","author":"Fleming","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2005.855867","article-title":"Germania-Based Core Optical Fibers","volume":"23","author":"Dianov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/68.849081","article-title":"Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement using a superstructure fiber Bragg grating","volume":"12","author":"Guan","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Techno. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.004070","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of curvature and strain based on fiber Bragg grating in two-dimensional waveguide array fiber","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.000544","article-title":"Directional torsion and temperature discrimination based on a multicore fiber with a helical structure","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618377","article-title":"Fiber grating sensors","volume":"15","author":"Kersey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:43Z","timestamp":1760177143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20174772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20174772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]}}}