{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:09:41Z","timestamp":1772611781883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004937","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung und Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5A17PDA, 05A17PM3, 05A17PX3, 05A17VK2, 05A17WO3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5A17PDA, 05A17PM3, 05A17PX3, 05A17VK2, 05A17WO3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009318","name":"Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VH-NG-1055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VH-NG-1055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 1694, GRK 2149, GSC 1085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 1694, GRK 2149, GSC 1085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport - Czech Republic","award":["CANAM-LM2015056, LTT19005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CANAM-LM2015056, LTT19005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-FG02-97ER41020, DE-FG02-94ER40818, DE-SC0004036, DE-FG02-97ER41033, DE-FG02-97ER41041, DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-SC0011091, DE-SC0019304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-97ER41020, DE-FG02-94ER40818, DE-SC0004036, DE-FG02-97ER41033, DE-FG02-97ER41041, DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-SC0011091, DE-SC0019304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment aims at measuring the effective electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV\/c2, i.e., improving on previous measurements by an order of magnitude. Neutrino mass data taking with KATRIN commenced in early 2019, and after only a few weeks of data recording, analysis of these data showed the success of KATRIN, improving on the known neutrino mass limit by a factor of about two. This success very much could be ascribed to the fact that most of the system components met, or even surpassed, the required specifications during long-term operation. Here, we report on the performance of the laser Raman (LARA) monitoring system which provides continuous high-precision information on the gas composition injected into the experiment\u2019s windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS), specifically on its isotopic purity of tritium\u2014one of the key parameters required in the derivation of the electron neutrino mass. The concentrations cx for all six hydrogen isotopologues were monitored simultaneously, with a measurement precision for individual components of the order 10\u22123 or better throughout the complete KATRIN data taking campaigns to date. From these, the tritium purity, \u03b5T, is derived with precision of &lt;10\u22123 and trueness of &lt;3 \u00d7 10\u22123, being within and surpassing the actual requirements for KATRIN, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:56:58Z","timestamp":1598435818000},"page":"4827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Quantitative Long-Term Monitoring of the Circulating Gases in the KATRIN Experiment Using Raman Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Aker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Altenm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"IRFU (DPhP &amp; APC), CEA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Armen","family":"Beglarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Berlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Besserer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Bieringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Blaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Bornschein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Bornschein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Brunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik, F\u00f6hringer Ring 6, 80805 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