{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1785421060797,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research - Create - Innovate","award":["European Union and Greek national funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["European Union and Greek national funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) couples IoT technologies with healthcare services in order to support real-time, remote patient monitoring and treatment. However, the interconnectivity of critical medical devices with other systems in various network layers creates new opportunities for remote adversaries. Since most of the communication protocols have not been specifically designed for the needs of connected medical devices, there is a need to classify the available IoT communication technologies in terms of security. In this paper we classify IoT communication protocols, with respect to their application in IoMT. Then we describe the main characteristics of IoT communication protocols used at the perception, network and application layer of medical devices. We examine the inherent security characteristics and limitations of IoMT-specific communication protocols. Based on realistic attacks we identify available mitigation controls that may be applied to secure IoMT communications, as well as existing research and implementation gaps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:05:37Z","timestamp":1598432737000},"page":"4828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Security in IoMT Communications: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9154-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Koutras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, 80, M. Karaoli &amp; A. Dimitriou St., 18534 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-6765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, 80, M. Karaoli &amp; A. Dimitriou St., 18534 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Dasaklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, 80, M. Karaoli &amp; A. Dimitriou St., 18534 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8771-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Kotzanikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, 80, M. Karaoli &amp; A. Dimitriou St., 18534 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Glynos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSUS S.A., I. Gkoura 16, 54352 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Douligeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, 80, M. Karaoli &amp; A. Dimitriou St., 18534 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Gubbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Vision and challenges for realising the Internet of Things","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Sundmaeker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855563","article-title":"A survey of iot-enabled cyberattacks: Assessing attack paths to critical infrastructures and services","volume":"20","author":"Stellios","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ENISA (2016). Smart Hospitals. Security and Resilience for Smart Health Service and Infrastructures, ENISA. Available online: https:\/\/www.enisa.europa.eu\/publications\/cyber-security-and-resilience-for-smart-hospitals\/at_download\/fullReport."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Z., Liu, X., Ye, R., and Zhang, T. (2017, January 21\u201323). Security and privacy on internet of things. Proceedings of the 2017 7th IEEE International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEIEC.2017.8076530"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Mosenia, A. (2018). Addressing Security and Privacy Challenges in Internet of Things. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, L.M., Piran, M.J., Han, D., Min, K., and Moon, H. (2019). A Survey on Internet of Things and Cloud Computing for Healthcare. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8070768"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Sarawi, S., Anbar, M., Alieyan, K., and Alzubaidi, M. (2017, January 17\u201318). Internet of Things (IoT) communication protocols: Review. Proceedings of the 2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), Amman, Jordan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITECH.2017.8079928"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9036","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2922409","article-title":"Sensing, Controlling, and IoT Infrastructure in Smart Building: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sain, M., Kang, Y.J., and Lee, H.J. (2017, January 19\u201322). Survey on security in Internet of Things: State of the art and challenges. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, ICACT, Bongpyeong, Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890183"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.06.004","article-title":"Online heart monitoring systems on the internet of health things environments: A survey, a reference model and an outlook","volume":"53","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-017-0180-8","article-title":"Internet of things in medical applications with a service-oriented and security approach: A survey","volume":"8","author":"Javdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fotouhi, H., \u010cau\u0161evi\u0107, A., Vahabi, M., and Bj\u00f6rkman, M. (2016, January 23\u201327). Interoperability in heterogeneous Low-Power Wireless Networks for Health Monitoring Systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2016.7503819"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Denyer, D., and Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, Sage Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2521727","article-title":"Security Tradeoffs in Cyber Physical Systems: A Case Study Survey on Implantable Medical Devices","volume":"4","author":"Altawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshmukh, S., and Sonavane, S.S. (2017, January 23\u201325). Security protocols for Internet of Things: A survey. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Nextgen Electronic Technologies: Silicon to Software (ICNETS2), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNETS2.2017.8067900"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagga, M., Thakral, P., and Bagga, T. (2018, January 20\u201322). A study on IoT: Model, communication protocols, security hazards countermeasures. Proceedings of the PDGC 2018\u20142018 5th International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing, Solan Himachal Pradesh, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDGC.2018.8745984"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IEEE 802 Working Group (2020, August 25). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ieeestd.2011.6012487.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2011.6012487"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Devadiga, K. (2011). IEEE 802.15.4 and the Internet of Things, Aalto University of Science. Available online: https:\/\/wiki.aalto.fi\/download\/attachments\/59704179\/devadiga-802-15-4-and-the-iot.pdf?version=1."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Jain, R. (2016). Wireless Protocols for IoT Part I : Bluetooth and Bluetooth Smart, Washington University in Saint Louis. Available online: https:\/\/www.cse.wustl.edu\/~jain\/cse574-16\/ftp\/j_11ble.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asadallahi, S., Refai, H.H., and LoPresti, P.G. (2012, January 27\u201331). Performance comparison of CSMA\/CA Advanced Infrared (AIr) and a new point-to-multipoint optical MAC protocol. Proceedings of the 2012 8th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2012.6314368"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 4335 (1979). Information Technology\u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems\u2014High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Procedures\u2014Elements of Procedures, ISO. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/53459.html."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The IrDA standards for high-speed infrared communications","volume":"49","author":"Millar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hewlett-Packard J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Baker, B.C. (2003). Wireless Communication Using the IrDA Standard Protocol, Microchip Technology Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/ww1.microchip.com\/downloads\/en\/DeviceDoc\/adn006.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozlosnik, A. (2018, January 25\u201329). Potential contribution of the Infrared Industry in the future of IoT\/IIoT. Proceedings of the 14th Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Conference, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.21611\/qirt.2018.p50"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2313981","article-title":"RFID Technology for IoT-Based Personal Healthcare in Smart Spaces","volume":"1","author":"Amendola","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandian, A., Senjyu, T., Islam, S., and Wang, H. (2019). Proceeding of the International Conference on Computer Networks, Big Data and IoT (ICCBI-2018), Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies; Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24643-3"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"GS1 (2013). EPC\u2122 Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Specification for RFID Air Interface, GS1. Available online: https:\/\/www.gs1.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/epc\/Gen2_Protocol_Standard.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freudenthal, E., Herrera, D., Kautz, F., Natividad, C., Ogrey, A., Sipla, J., Sosa, A., Betancourt, C., and Estevez, L. (2007, January 11\u201312). Suitability of NFC for Medical Device Communication and Power Delivery. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Dallas Engineering in Medicine and Biology Workshop, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBSW.2007.4454171"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"ECMA International (2013). Near Field Communication\u2014Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1), ECMA International. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecma-international.org\/publications\/files\/ECMA-ST\/ECMA-340.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, G., and Jain, A.K. (2016, January 23\u201325). Internet of Things: A survey on architecture, technologies, protocols and challenges. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAIE.2016.7939537"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cypress (2020, August 25). PSoC\u00ae Creator Component Datasheet\u2014 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 3.10 Description SIG adopted Profiles and Services Comprehensive APIs, Available online: https:\/\/www.cypress.com\/file\/232821\/download."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Renesas Electronics Corporation (2020, August 25). Bluetooth\u00ae Low Energy Protocol Stack Introduction, Available online: https:\/\/www.renesas.com\/kr\/en\/doc\/products\/mpumcu\/doc\/rl78\/r01qs0014ej0100-bleintro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Silicon Labs (2020, August 25). Software Design Specification. Z-Wave Transport-Encapsulation Command Class Specification, Available online: https:\/\/www.silabs.com\/documents\/login\/miscellaneous\/SDS13783-Z-Wave-Transport-Encapsulation-Command-Class-Specification.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-018-0618-4","article-title":"The application of internet of things in healthcare: A systematic literature review and classification","volume":"18","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Univ. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fotouhi, H., \u010cau\u0161evi\u0107, A., Lundqvist, K., and Bj\u00f6rkman, M. (2016, January 10\u201314). Communication and Security in Health Monitoring Systems\u2014A Review. Proceedings of the I2016 IEEE 40th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2016.8"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Committee-Electronic-Communications (2007). Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), Committee-Electronic-Communications. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecodocdb.dk\/download\/7185a0fb-48a8\/ECCREP160.PDF."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Fuentes, M.R., and Huq, N. (2020, August 25). Securing Connected Hospitals by Trend Micro. Available online: https:\/\/documents.trendmicro.com\/assets\/rpt\/rpt-securing-connected-hospitals.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Peng, S.L., Pal, S., and Huang, L. (2020). IoT Sensing Capabilities: Sensor Deployment and Node Discovery, Wearable Sensors, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), Data Acquisition. Principles of Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem: Insight Paradigm, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Salman, T., and Jain, R. (2019). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calcagnini, G., Mattei, E., Censi, F., Triventi, M., Lo Sterzo, R., Marchetta, E., and Bartolini, P. (2009, January 7\u201312). Electromagnetic Compatibility of WiFi Technology with Life-Supporting Medical Devices. Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03885-3_171"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Feng, Z. (2017). Introduction of Wi-Fi Standardization and Interoperability Certification Test, CAICT. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Regional-Presence\/AsiaPacific\/SiteAssets\/Pages\/Events\/2017\/Oct2017CIIOT\/CIIOT\/7.Session3-2%20Introduction%20of%20Wi-Fi%20Interoperability%20Certification%20Test-%E5%86%AF%E5%BF%97%E8%8A%B3V3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Tektronix Inc (2013). Wi-Fi: Overview of the 802.11 Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements, Tektronix Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnrood.com\/en\/media\/solutions\/Wi-Fi_Overview_of_the_802.11_Physical_Layer.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.020","article-title":"An Internet of Things-based health prescription assistant and its security system design","volume":"82","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32700","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2846779","article-title":"Continuous Patient Monitoring with a Patient Centric Agent: A Block Architecture","volume":"6","author":"Uddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yacchirema, D.C., Palau, C.E., and Esteve, M. (2017, January 8\u201311). Enable IoT interoperability in ambient assisted living: Active and healthy aging scenarios. Proceedings of the 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2017.7983081"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Zigbee-Alliance (2020, August 25). ZigBee wireless sensor applications for health, wellness and fitness. White Paper, Available online: https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/~jcardell\/Courses\/EGR328\/Readings\/Zigbee&HealthCare.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Zigbee Alliance Inc (2014). ZigBee Specification, Zigbee Alliance Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/zigbeealliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/docs-05-3474-21-0csg-zigbee-specification.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Tang, Z., Cheng, M., Zeng, P., and Wang, H. (2010, January 9\u201311). Real-time communication in WIA-PA industrial wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2010 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-015-0647-7","article-title":"Performance Analysis of the Industrial Wireless Networks Standard: WIA-PA","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2019.05.008","article-title":"A novel framework for a remote patient monitoring (RPM) system with abnormality detection","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ristaino, A. (2020, August 25). ISA100. 11a Approved as IEC 62734 by ISA Wireless Compliance Intitute October 2014. Available online: https:\/\/isa100wci.org\/en-US\/Documents\/Presentations\/2014-Oct-15-ISA100-Wireless-IEC62734-Approval.aspx."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Nixon, M. (2012). A Comparison of WirelessHART\u2122 and ISA100.11a. Emerson White Paper, Emerson Process Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.emerson.com\/documents\/automation\/white-paper-a-comparison-of-wirelesshart-isa100-11a-en-42598.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.05.045","article-title":"Security of 6LoWPAN IoT Networks in Hospitals for Medical Data Exchange","volume":"152","author":"Yeole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5666","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2973677","article-title":"Security of RPL Based 6LoWPAN Networks in the Internet of Things: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Olsson, J. (2014). 6LoWPAN Demystified, Texas Instruments. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/wp\/swry013\/swry013.pdf?ts=1598291385949&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"i-Scoop (2020, August 25). LoRa and LoRaWAN: The Technologies, Ecosystems, Use Cases and Market by i-Scoop. Available online: https:\/\/www.i-scoop.eu\/internet-of-things-guide\/lpwan\/iot-network-lora-lorawan\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"N.SORNIN (Semtech) (2017). LoRaWAN 1.1 Specification, LoRa Alliance Technical Committee. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-04\/lorawantm_specification_-v1.1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mdhaffar, A., Chaari, T., Larbi, K., Jmaiel, M., and Freisleben, B. (2017, January 6\u20138). IoT-based health monitoring via LoRaWAN. Proceedings of the IEEE EUROCON 2017\u201417th International Conference on Smart Technologies, Ohrid, North Macedonia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2017.8011165"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2822302","article-title":"A Community-Based IoT Personalized Wireless Healthcare Solution Trial","volume":"6","author":"Catherwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging in medicine","volume":"33","author":"Ring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsubaei, F., Abuhussein, A., and Shiva, S. (2017, January 9). Security and Privacy in the Internet of Medical Things: Taxonomy and Risk Assessment. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 42nd Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops LCN Workshops, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.Workshops.2017.72"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathnayake, R.M., Karunarathne, M.S., Nafi, N.S., and Gregory, M.A. (2018, January 21\u201323). Cloud Enabled Solution for Privacy Concerns in Internet of Medical Things. Proceedings of the 2018 28th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference ITNAC, Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2018.8615361"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"471","article-title":"Medicine Reminder and Monitoring System for Secure Health Using IOT","volume":"78","author":"Zanjal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, M.M., Dafonte, C., and G\u00f3mez, \u00c1. (2018). Traceability in patient healthcare through the integration of RFID technology in an ICU in a hospital. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051627"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal, M., and Gandhi, B. (2019, January 14\u201316). IoT & Big Data in Smart Healthcare (ECG Monitoring). Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon), Faridabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMITCon.2019.8862197"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.06.010","article-title":"A real IoT device deployment for e-Health applications under lightweight communication protocols, activity classifier and edge data filtering","volume":"128","author":"Santamaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gia, T.N., Jiang, M., Rahmani, A.M., Westerlund, T., Liljeberg, P., and Tenhunen, H. (2015, January 26\u201328). Fog computing in healthcare Internet of Things: A case study on ECG feature extraction. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Ubiquitous Computing and Communications, Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Liverpool, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT\/IUCC\/DASC\/PICOM.2015.51"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasha, M., and Shah, S.M.W. (2018). Framework for E-Health Systems in IoT-Based Environments. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6183732"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattnaik, P., Kumar, R., and Pal, S. (2020). Internet of Things and Analytics for Agriculture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9177-4"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ta\u015ftan, M. (2018). IoT Based Wearable Smart Health Monitoring System. Celal Bayar \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilim. Derg., 343\u2013350.","DOI":"10.18466\/cbayarfbe.451076"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suciu, G., Suciu, V., Martian, A., Craciunescu, R., Vulpe, A., Marcu, I., Halunga, S., and Fratu, O. (2015). Big Data, Internet of Things and Cloud Convergence \u2013 An Architecture for Secure E-Health Applications. J. Med. Syst., 39.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0327-y"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.M.C., Hoang, D.B., and Dat Dang, T. (2018, January 10\u201312). A software-defined model for IoT clusters: Enabling applications on demand. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2018.8343223"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2437951","article-title":"The internet of things for health care: A comprehensive survey","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, T.K., K\u00fcng, J., Wagner, R., Thoai, N., and Takizawa, M. (2018). Design of PHD Solution Based on HL7 and IoT. Future Data and Security Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70004-5"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, J., Morris, P., and Seo, J. (2017, January 23\u201326). Interconnected Personal Health Record Ecosystem Using IoT Cloud Platform and HL7 FHIR. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI), Park City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2017.82"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubamba, C., and Bagula, A. (2017, January 3\u20136). Cyber-healthcare cloud computing interoperability using the HL7-CDA standard. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2017.8024513"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1888","article-title":"HL7 clinical document architecture, release 2","volume":"13","author":"Dolin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"G\u00fcndo\u011fan, C., Kietzmann, P., Lenders, M., Petersen, H., Schmidt, T.C., and W\u00e4hlisch, M. (, January September). NDN, COAP, and MQTT: A comparative measurement study in the IoT. Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nastase, L. (2017, January 29\u201331). Security in the Internet of Things: A Survey on Application Layer Protocols. Proceedings of the 2017 21st International Conference on Control Systems and Computer, CSCS 2017, Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCS.2017.101"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensus: Smart Water Network","volume":"3","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. IoT Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swamy, S.N., Jadhav, D., and Kulkarni, N. (2017, January 10\u201311). Security threats in the application layer in IOT applications. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SMAC.2017.8058395"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, T., Jaiswal, S., Sunderkrishnan, S., and Katre, N. (2017, January 7\u20138). HealthSense: A medical use case of Internet of Things and blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS), Palladam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISS1.2017.8389459"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2740","article-title":"How to evaluate an Internet of Things system: Models, case studies, and real developments","volume":"49","author":"Sicari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Software Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, F., and Jabba, D. (2018, January 1\u20133). IoT Connected Health Architecture for Heart Rate Monitoring based on Interoperability Standards. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 2nd Colombian Conference on Robotics and Automation, CCRA 2018, Barranquilla, Colombia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCRA.2018.8588136"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1396","article-title":"IoT healthcare communication system for IEEE 11073 PHD and IHE PCD-01 integration using CoAP","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2417684","article-title":"An IoT-Aware Architecture for Smart Healthcare Systems","volume":"2","author":"Catarinucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrellis, N., Birbas, M., and Gioulekas, F. (2019). On the design of low-cost IoT sensor node for e-health environment. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020178"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2357257","article-title":"Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Rodgers","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2017.23.1.4","article-title":"Wearable devices in medical internet of things: Scientific research and commercially available devices","volume":"23","author":"Haghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.01.006","article-title":"Survey on secure communication protocols for the Internet of Things","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.7.6.4467","article-title":"E-health-IoT universe: A review","volume":"7","author":"Scarpato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analyzing User Emotions via Physiology Signals","volume":"1","author":"Myroniv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ubiquitous Int."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2016.11.004","article-title":"Recent advances in wearable sensors for animal health management","volume":"12","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotariu, C., and Manta, V. (2012, January 9\u201312). Wireless system for remote monitoring of oxygen saturation and heart rate. Proceedings of the 2012 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), Wroclaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDERC.2012.6532240"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v8i2.pp939-945","article-title":"Internet of Things: Low Cost and Wearable SpO2 Device for Health Monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Adiputra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. (IJECE)"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2739742","article-title":"Secure Seamless Bluetooth Low Energy Connection Migration for Unmodified IoT Devices","volume":"17","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachel, J.R., Sejdi\u0107, E., Ogirala, A., and Mickle, M.H. (2013, January 6\u20139). The impact of the internet of Things on implanted medical devices including pacemakers, and ICDs. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2013.6555533"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Lima, J.A. (2014, January 1\u20135). A compact and power-efficient CMOS battery charger for implantable devices. Proceedings of the 2014 27th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design (SBCCI), Aracaju, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/2660540.2660988"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hached, S., Trigui, A., El Khalloufi, I., Sawan, M., Loutochin, O., and Corcos, J. (2014, January 11\u201314). A Bluetooth-based Low-Energy Qi-compliant battery charger for implantable medical devices. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Bioelectronics and Bioinformatics (IEEE ISBB 2014), Chung Li, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBB.2014.6820911"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2015.2464813","article-title":"Enabling Safe Interoperation by Medical Device Virtual Integration","volume":"32","author":"Larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2019.2906442","article-title":"Security and Vulnerability of Extreme Automation Systems: The IoMT and IoA Case Studies","volume":"21","author":"Fiaidhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkhouja, T., Du, X., Mohamed, A., Al-Ali, A.K., and Guizani, M. (2017, January 4\u20138). New plain-text authentication secure scheme for implantable medical devices with remote control. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8255015"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2849014","article-title":"Internet of Medical Things: A Review of Recent Contributions Dealing with Cyber-Physical Systems in Medicine","volume":"5","author":"Gatouillat","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limaye, A., and Adegbija, T. (2017, January 3\u20135). A Workload Characterization for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI), Bochum, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2017.60"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2007.905862","article-title":"DICOM Image Communication in Globus-Based Medical Grids","volume":"12","author":"Vossberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabha, R.A., and Sbeyti, H. (2020, January 1\u20132). Exploiting Vulnerabilities Of MRI Scanner Machine: Lebanon Case Study. Proceedings of the 2020 8th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS), Beirut, Lebanon.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDFS49300.2020.9116449"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barolli, L., Hussain, F.K., and Ikeda, M. (2020). A Model-Driven Approach for Load-Balanced MQTT Protocol in Internet of Things (IoT). Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22354-0"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatt, C., Dey, N., and Ashour, A.S. (2017). Vitality of Robotics in Healthcare Industry: An Internet of Things (IoT) Perspective. Internet of Things and Big Data Technologies for Next Generation Healthcare, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49736-5"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A.R., Azadi, S., Babaee, M.H., Mollaei, N., Patel, K.L., and Mehta, D.R. (2018, January 16\u201318). Significance of Robotics in Manufacturing, Energy, Goods and Transport Sector in Internet of Things (IoT) Paradigm. Proceedings of the 2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCUBEA.2018.8697488"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., and Seo, D.W. (2019). Development of ECG Monitoring System and Implantable Device with Wireless Charging. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10010038"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonune, S., Kalbande, D., Yeole, A., and Oak, S. (2017, January 23\u201324). Issues in IoT healthcare platforms: A critical study and review. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control (I2C2), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2C2.2017.8321898"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3108936","article-title":"Hadoop-Based Intelligent Care System (HICS)","volume":"18","author":"Rathore","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Borgohain, T., Kumar, U., and Sanyal, S. (2015). Survey of security and privacy issues of internet of things. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Mendez, D.M., Papapanagiotou, I., and Yang, B. (2017). Internet of things: Survey on security and privacy. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"97","article-title":"Securing NFC with Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Challenges and Solutions","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"RFIDSec Asia"},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"SIG, J.B. (2020, August 25). Bluetooth Specification, v. 3.0. IEEE Spectr., Available online: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/dkout\/AppData\/Local\/Temp\/WhitePaper_Bluetooth_V01_0910_low.pdf."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.04.004","article-title":"The Z-Wave routing protocol and its security implications","volume":"68","author":"Badenhop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flury, M., Poturalski, M., Papadimitratos, P., Hubaux, J.P., and Le Boudec, J.Y. (2010, January 22\u201324). Effectiveness of Distance-Decreasing Attacks Against Impulse Radio Ranging. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security, WiSec\u201910, Hoboken, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1741866.1741887"},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Zillner, T. (2015). ZigBee Exploited. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Cognosec\u00a92015. Available online: https:\/\/media.kasperskycontenthub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2015\/11\/20081735\/us-15-Zillner-ZigBee-Exploited-The-Good-The-Bad-And-The-Ugly-wp.pdf."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Zigbee Alliance Inc (2018). ZigBee 3.0 Stack User Guide JN-UG-3113, Zigbee Alliance Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.nxp.com\/docs\/en\/user-guide\/JN-UG-3113.pdf."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Fan, X., Susan, F., Long, W., Li, S., Specification, Z., Gislason, D., Hillman, M., Fan, X., Susan, F., and Long, W. (2017). Security Analysis of ZigBee. MWR InfoSecurity, 1\u201318."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Fan, X., Susan, F., Long, W., and Li, S. (2017). Security Analysis of Zigbee, Computer Network Security Class, Massachusetts Institute Technological. Available online: https:\/\/courses.csail.mit.edu\/6.857\/2017\/project\/17.pdf."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Cui, L., and Guo, Z. (2014). Advanced Technologies in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 7th China Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54174-2"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Kitano, K., and Yamamoto, S. (2020, August 25). Strong Security Measures Implemented in ISA100.11a Wireless System. Yokogawa Technical Report English Edition. Available online: https:\/\/web-material3.yokogawa.com\/rd-te-r05702-005.pdf."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2359538","article-title":"Security protocols and privacy issues into 6LoWPAN stack: A synthesis","volume":"1","author":"Hennebert","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and Kivinen, T. (2020, August 25). Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2); Technical Report; RFC 5996; Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF); October 2014. by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7296.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7296"},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Gemalto, A., and Semtech (2020, August 25). LoRaWAN\u2122 Security A White Paper Prepared for the LoRa Alliance. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/lorawan_security_whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Chaudhari, B.S., and Zennaro, M. (2020). 3\u2014LoRaWAN protocol: Specifications, security, and capabilities. LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reschke, J. (2015). The \u2019basic\u2019 http authentication scheme. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Available online: https:\/\/httpwg.org\/specs\/rfc7617.html.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7617"},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Brachmann, M., Garcia-Morchon, O., and Kirsche, M. (2011). Security for practical coap applications: Issues and solution approaches. GI\/ITG KuVS Fachgesprch Sensornetze (FGSN), Paderborn, Germany, University Stuttgart."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Antonakakis, M., April, T., Bailey, M., Bernhard, M., Bursztein, E., Cochran, J., Durumeric, Z., Halderman, J.A., Invernizzi, L., and Kallitsis, M. (2017, January 16\u201318). Understanding the mirai botnet. Proceedings of the 26th USENIX Security Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallman, R., Bryan, J., Palavicini, G., Divita, J., and Romero-Mariona, J. (2017, January 24\u201326). IoDDoS-the internet of distributed denial of sevice attacks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006246600470058"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Haataja, K.M.J., Box, P.O., and Kuopio, F. (2006). Security in Bluetooth, WLAN and IrDA: A comparison Department of Computer Science Security, University of Kuopio. Available online: http:\/\/www.cs.uku.fi\/research\/publications\/reports\/A-2006-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundaresan, S., Doss, R., and Zhou, W. (2015). RFID in Healthcare\u2013Current Trends and the Future. Mobile Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12817-7_36"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weis, S.A., Sarma, S.E., Rivest, R.L., and Engels, D.W. (2004). Security and privacy aspects of low-cost radio frequency identification systems. Security in Pervasive Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39881-3_18"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Upson, S. (2020, August 25). RFID Systems May Disrupt the Function of Medical Devices. IEEE Spectr., Available online: https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/computing\/embedded-systems\/rfid-systems-may-disrupt-the-function-of-medical-devices."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roland, M., Langer, J., and Scharinger, J. (2013, January 5). Applying relay attacks to Google Wallet. Proceedings of the 2013 5th International Workshop on Near Field Communication (NFC), Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/NFC.2013.6482441"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"71","article-title":"Security in Near Field Communication ( NFC ) Strengths and Weaknesses","volume":"11","author":"Haselsteiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semiconductors"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.3","article-title":"Taming the blue beast: A survey of bluetooth based threats","volume":"8","author":"Dunning","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"LeCroy (2003). CATC Merlin II\u2014Bluetooth V1.2 Protocol Analyzer, LeCroy. Available online: http:\/\/cdn.teledynelecroy.com\/files\/pdf\/lecroy_merlinii_datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haataja, K.M., and Hypponen, K. (2008, January 12\u201314). Man-in-the-middle attacks on bluetooth: A comparative analysis, a novel attack, and countermeasures. Proceedings of the 2008 3rd International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, St Julians, Malta.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCCSP.2008.4537388"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5121\/ijdps.2012.3110","article-title":"Bluetooth security threats and solutions: A survey","volume":"3","author":"Minar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Parallel Syst."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Fouladi, B., and Ghanoun, S. (2020, August 25). SensePost UK Honey, i\u2019m home!!, hacking zwave home automation systems. Black Hat USA, Las Vegas, Nevada, Available online: https:\/\/code.google.com\/archive\/p\/z-force\/."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Leu, P., and Capkun, S. (2019, January 24\u201327). UWB with Pulse Reordering: Securing Ranging against Relay and Physical-Layer Attacks. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2019), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23109"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olawumi, O., Haataja, K., Asikainen, M., Vidgren, N., and Toivanen, P. (2014, January 14\u201316). Three practical attacks against ZigBee security: Attack scenario definitions, practical experiments, countermeasures, and lessons learned. Proceedings of the 2014 14th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, Hawally, Kuwait.","DOI":"10.1109\/HIS.2014.7086198"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidgren, N., Haataja, K., Pati\u00f1o-Andres, J.L., Ram\u00edrez-Sanchis, J.J., and Toivanen, P. (2013, January 7\u201310). Security threats in ZigBee-enabled systems: Vulnerability evaluation, practical experiments, countermeasures, and lessons learned. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2013.475"},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Rudresh, V. (2017). Zigbee Security : Basics (Part 3), Zigbee. Available online: https:\/\/research.kudelskisecurity.com\/2017\/11\/21\/zigbee-security-basics-part-3\/."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehurst, L.N., Andel, T.R., and McDonald, J.T. (2014, January 8\u201310). Exploring security in ZigBee networks. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Cyber and Information Security Research Conference, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2602087.2602090"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronen, E., Shamir, A., Weingarten, A.O., and O\u2019Flynn, C. (2017, January 22\u201326). IoT goes nuclear: Creating a ZigBee chain reaction. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.14"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2516102","article-title":"Ghost-in-zigbee: Energy depletion attack on zigbee-based wireless networks","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Li, W., Luo, X., and Wang, Q. (2014). Security analysis of WIA-PA protocol. Advanced Technologies in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54174-2_26"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Chen, P. (2011). Using ISA100.11a Wireless Technology to Monitor Pressure and Temperature in a Refinery, Yokogawa Electric Corporation."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wei, M., Wang, P., and Kim, Y. (2009, January 16\u201319). Research and implementation of security mechanism in ISA100.11a networks. Proceedings of the 2009 9th International Conference on Electronic Measurement Instruments, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMI.2009.5274687"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glissa, G., and Meddeb, A. (2017, January 26\u201330). 6LoWPAN multi-layered security protocol based on IEEE 802.15. 4 security features. Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986297"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2438002","article-title":"Addressing and privacy support for 6LoWPAN","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummen, R., Hiller, J., Wirtz, H., Henze, M., Shafagh, H., and Wehrle, K. 6LoWPAN fragmentation attacks and mitigation mechanisms. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on S: Ecurity and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, WiSec April 2013, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1145\/2462096.2462107"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Karampatzakis, E., Doerr, C., and Kuipers, F. (2018, January 17\u201320). Security vulnerabilities in LoRaWAN. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE\/ACM Third International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IoTDI.2018.00022"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Duggal, A. (2017, January 10\u201314). HL7 2. x security. Proceedings of the The 8th Annual HITB Security Conference, Amsterdam, The Nertherlands."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moustis, D., and Kotzanikolaou, P. (2013, January 10\u201312). Evaluating security controls against HTTP-based DDoS attacks. Proceedings of the IISA, Piraeus, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IISA.2013.6623707"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, R.A., and Shah, B. (2016, January 15\u201316). Security analysis of IoT protocols: A focus in CoAP. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd MEC International Conference on Big Data and Smart City, ICBDSC 2016, Muscat, Oman.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBDSC.2016.7460363"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvind, S., and Narayanan, V.A. (2019, January 15\u201316). An Overview of Security in CoAP: Attack and Analysis. Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Advanced Computing Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS.2019.8728533"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinculean\u0103, D. (2019). Vulnerabilities and Limitations of MQTT Protocol Used between IoT Devices. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9050848"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andy, S., Rahardjo, B., and Hanindhito, B. (2017, January 19\u201321). Attack scenarios and security analysis of MQTT communication protocol in IoT system. Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EECSI.2017.8239179"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Song, B., and Mitchell, C.J. (April, January 31). RFID Authentication Protocol for Low-Cost Tags. Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security, WiSec \u201908, Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2012.6414992","article-title":"A hash-based RFID security protocol for strong privacy protection","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Cviti\u0107, I., Vuji\u0107, M., and Husnjak, S. (2015, January 21\u201324). Classification of security risks in the IoT environment. Proceedings of the Annals of DAAAM and Proceedings of the International DAAAM Symposium, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2013.6490254","article-title":"Conditional privacy preserving security protocol for NFC applications","volume":"59","author":"Eun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madlmayr, G., Langer, J., Kantner, C., and Scharinger, J. (2008, January 4\u20137). NFC Devices: Security and Privacy. Proceedings of the 2008 Third International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2008.105"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabet, N.E., and Ayu, M.A. (;, January 28\u201329). Analysing the security of NFC based payment systems. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), Mataram, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAC.2016.7905710"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2767291","article-title":"Evaluating critical security issues of the IoT world: Present and future challenges","volume":"5","author":"Frustaci","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarty, S., and Engels, D.W. (2016, January 7\u201311). Black networks for Bluetooth Low Energy. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, ICCE 2016, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE.2016.7430504"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2935189","article-title":"IoT: Internet of Threats? A survey of practical security vulnerabilities in real IoT devices","volume":"6","author":"Meneghello","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lonzetta, A.M., Cope, P., Campbell, J., Mohd, B.J., and Hayajneh, T. (2018). Security vulnerabilities in bluetooth technology as used in IoT. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7030028"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassein, M.B., Mardini, W., and Almasri, T. (2018, January 9\u201311). Evaluation of Security Regarding Z-Wave Wireless Protocol. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Engineering & MIS, ICEMIS \u201918, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1145\/3234698.3234730"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-010-0501-4","article-title":"Secure localization and location verification in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"64","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tippenhauer, N.O., and Capkun, S. (2009). ID-Based Secure Distance Bounding and Localization. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04444-1_38"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ma, X., and Leus, G. (2010, January 20\u201323). An UWB ranging-based localization strategy with internal attack immunity. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2010.5615052"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, H. (2012, January 21\u201323). WIFI network information security analysis research. Proceedings of the 2012 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), Yichang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CECNet.2012.6201786"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plosz, S., Farshad, A., Tauber, M., Lesjak, C., Ruprechter, T., and Pereira, N. (2014, January 16\u201319). Security vulnerabilities and risks in industrial usage of wireless communication. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2014.7005129"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanji, S., Iqbal, F., and Hung, P. (2019, January 11\u201313). ZigBee Security Vulnerabilities: Exploration and Evaluating. Proceedings of the 2019 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems, ICICS, Irbid, Jordan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IACS.2019.8809115"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.05.014","article-title":"Secured communication protocol for internetworking ZigBee cluster networks","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, W., Zhang, X., Ping, W., Kim, K., and Kim, Y. (2010, January 25\u201327). Research and Implementation of the Security Method Based on WIA-PA Standard. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/iCECE.2010.389"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2011.943023","article-title":"WirelessHART Versus ISA100.11a: The Format War Hits the Factory Floor","volume":"5","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.01.013","article-title":"6LowPSec: An end-to-end security protocol for 6LoWPAN","volume":"82","author":"Glissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatti, M. (2019). Security Mechanisms for 6LoWPAN Network in Context of Internet of Things: A Survey. Renewable Energy for Smart and Sustainable Cities, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04789-4"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Lee, K., Shim, J., Cho, S., and Choi, J. (2016, January 26\u201328). Security threat on wearable services: Empirical study using a commercial smartband. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Asia.2016.7804766"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubair, M., Unal, D., Al-Ali, A., and Shikfa, A. (2019, January 1\u20132). Exploiting Bluetooth Vulnerabilities in e-Health IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Future Networks and Distributed Systems (ICFNDS \u201919), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3341325.3342000"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2694844","article-title":"A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Internet-of-Things","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2560919","article-title":"Attitudes and Perceptions of IoT Security in Critical Societal Services","volume":"4","author":"Asplund","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155079","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.13-7-2018.155079","article-title":"Security and privacy issues with IoT in healthcare","volume":"4","author":"Chacko","year":"2018","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans. Pervasive Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Chen, H., Yang, L., and Zhang, Q. (2018). BreathLive: Liveness Detection for Heart Sound Authentication with Deep Breathing. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/3191744"},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Bonaci, T., Herron, J., Yusuf, T., Yan, J., Kohno, T., and Chizeck, H.J. (2015). To Make a Robot Secure: An Experimental Analysis of Cyber Security Threats Against Teleoperated Surgical Robots. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100080","article-title":"A security monitoring system for Internet of Things","volume":"7","author":"Casola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, S., Diaz, J., Jamal, T., Ali, A., De la Hoz, E., and Shoaib, M. (2019, January 1\u20134). IoT Smart Health Security Threats. Proceedings of the 2019 19th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA), Saint Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSA.2019.000-8"},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Culler, D.E. (2020, August 25). Berkeley CWSN Keynote, University of California. Available online: http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080207010024\/http:\/\/www.808multimedia.com\/winnt\/kernel.htm."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toscano, E., and Bello, L.L. (2012, January 21\u201324). Comparative assessments of IEEE 802.15. 4\/ZigBee and 6LoWPAN for low-power industrial WSNs in realistic scenarios. Proceedings of the 2012 9th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, Lemgo\/Detmold, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2012.6242553"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabish, R., Mnaouer, A.B., Touati, F., and Ghaleb, A.M. (2013, January 17\u201320). A comparative analysis of BLE and 6LoWPAN for U-HealthCare applications. Proceedings of the 2013 7th IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCC), Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEEGCC.2013.6705791"},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Interoperable end-to-end remote patient monitoring platform based on IEEE 11073 PHD and ZigBee health care profile","volume":"65","author":"Clarke","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.834186","article-title":"Recent system applications of short-pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) technology","volume":"52","author":"Fontana","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., and Bormann, C. (2011). 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"NXP (2020, August 25). Medical Applications User Guide\u2014Home Portable Medical Diagnostic and Therapy Devices Medical Imaging Wearables. Available online: https:\/\/www.nxp.com\/docs\/en\/user-guide\/MDAPPUSGDRM118.pdf."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, G. (2020, August 25). Securing Wireless Infusion Pumps, Available online: https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/SpecialPublications\/NIST.SP.1800-8.pdf."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"(2020, August 25). HL7 FHIR Specification (v4.0.1: R4). Resource DiagnosticReport\u2014Content. Available online: https:\/\/www.hl7.org\/fhir\/diagnosticreport.html."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.57219","article-title":"Computer networks in radiology: An introduction","volume":"19","author":"Pant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of things in industries: A survey","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:07Z","timestamp":1760177227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20174828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20174828","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]}}}