{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:56:26Z","timestamp":1771574186866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-12-00192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-12-00192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern trends in optical bioimaging require novel nanoproducts combining high image contrast with efficient treatment capabilities. Silicon nanoparticles are a wide class of nanoobjects with tunable optical properties, which has potential as contrasting agents for fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography. In this paper we report on developing a novel technique for fabricating silicon nanoparticles by means of picosecond laser ablation of porous silicon films and silicon nanowire arrays in water and ethanol. Structural and optical properties of these particles were studied using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, Raman scattering, spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography measurements. The essential features of the fabricated silicon nanoparticles are sizes smaller than 100 nm and crystalline phase presence. Effective fluorescence and light scattering of the laser-ablated silicon nanoparticles in the visible and near infrared ranges opens new prospects of their employment as contrasting agents in biophotonics, which was confirmed by pilot experiments on optical imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T09:17:08Z","timestamp":1598606228000},"page":"4874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Nanoparticles Produced via Laser Ablation of Porous Silicon and Silicon Nanowires for Optical Bioimaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav V.","family":"Zabotnov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia V.","family":"Skobelkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Uljanov St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Daria A.","family":"Kurakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Uljanov St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr V.","family":"Khilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Uljanov St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Fedor V.","family":"Kashaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Tatyana P.","family":"Kaminskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis E.","family":"Presnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Quantum Technology Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/35 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Pavel D.","family":"Agrba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Radiophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin av., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Dmitrii V.","family":"Shuleiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Pavel K.","family":"Kashkarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Leonid A.","family":"Golovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1\/2 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6804-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail Yu.","family":"Kirillin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Uljanov St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin av., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Focarete, M.L., and Tampieri, A. (2018). Core-Shell Nanostructures for Drug Delivery and Theranostics: Challenges, Strategies and Prospects for Novel Carrier Systems, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102198-9.00001-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.09.002","article-title":"Development and applications of photo-triggered theranostic agents","volume":"62","author":"Rai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santi, M., Mapanao, A.K., Cassano, D., Vlamidis, Y., Cappello, V., and Voliani, V. (2020). Endogenously-Activated Ultrasmall-in-Nano Therapeutics: Assessment on 3D Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051063"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurakina, D., Kirillin, M.Y., Perekatova, V.V., Plekhanov, V.I., Orlova, A., Sergeeva, E., Khilov, A., Nerush, A., Subochev, P.V., and Mallidi, S. (2019). Towards Bimodal Optical Monitoring of Photodynamic Therapy with Targeted Nanoconstructs: A Phantom Study. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091918"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063784214010083","article-title":"Porous silicon and its applications in biology and medicine","volume":"59","author":"Ksenofontova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7050","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB01829G","article-title":"Potential of porous silicon nanoparticles as an emerging platform for cancer theranostics","volume":"4","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0034","article-title":"A multifunctional nanocomplex for enhanced cell uptake, endosomal escape and improved cancer therapeutic effect","volume":"12","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB02551F","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of nitric oxide-releasing porous silicon nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Kafshgari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.01.059","article-title":"Co-loading of photothermal agents and anticancer drugs into porous silicon nanoparticles with enhanced chemo-photothermal therapeutic efficacy to kill multidrug-resistant cancer cells","volume":"164","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120552","article-title":"Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoplatform based on silicon nanoparticles for targeted two-photon-excited fluorescence imaging-guided chemo\/photodynamic synergetic therapy in vitro","volume":"209","author":"Lia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB00690F","article-title":"Mesoporous silicon nanoparticles for targeted two-photon theranostics of prostate cancer","volume":"4","author":"Chaix","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2011.10.003","article-title":"Well-defined mesoporous nanostructure modulates three-dimensional interface energy transfer for two-photon activated photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105102","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa5b7c","article-title":"Cytotoxicity control of silicon nanoparticles by biopolymer coating and ultrasound irradiation for cancer theranostic applications","volume":"28","author":"Sviridov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24732","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24732","article-title":"Laser-synthesized oxide-passivated bright Si quantum dots for bioimaging","volume":"6","author":"Gongalsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7426","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01220-09","article-title":"Functional Tomographic Fluorescence Imaging of pH Microenvironments in Microbial Biofilms by Use of Silica Nanoparticle Sensors","volume":"75","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14924","DOI":"10.1021\/ja407508v","article-title":"Surface-Modified Silicon Nanoparticles with Ultrabright Photoluminescence and Single-Exponential Decay for Nanoscale Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Temperature","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1070\/QEL16380","article-title":"Silicon nanoparticles as contrast agents in the methods of optical biomedical diagnostics","volume":"47","author":"Zabotnov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1070\/QEL17208","article-title":"Structural and optical properties of nanoparticles formed by laser ablation of porous silicon in liquids: Perspectives in biophotonics","volume":"50","author":"Zabotnov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB00648B","article-title":"Potential detection of cancer with fluorinated silicon nanoparticles in 19F MR and fluorescence imaging","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Kattan, A., Nirwan, V.P., Popov, A., Ryabchikov, Y.V., Tselikov, G., Sentis, M., Fahmi, A., and Kabashin, A.V. (2018). Recent Advances in Laser-Ablative Synthesis of Bare Au and Si Nanoparticles and Assessment of Their Prospects for Tissue Engineering Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061563"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801728","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201801728","article-title":"Bi-Modal Nonlinear Optical Contrast from Si Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics","volume":"7","author":"Kharin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.145661","article-title":"Localized infrared radiation-induced hyperthermia sensitized by laser-ablated silicon nanoparticles for phototherapy applications","volume":"516","author":"Oleshchenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4829148","article-title":"Porous silicon nanoparticles as sensitizers for ultrasonic hyperthermia","volume":"103","author":"Sviridov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07034","article-title":"Radio frequency radiation-induced hyperthermia using Si nanoparticle-based sensitizers for mild cancer therapy","volume":"4","author":"Tamarov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1035262","article-title":"Porous Silicon Nanoparticle Photosensitizers for Singlet Oxygen and Their Phototoxicity against Cancer Cells","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc38837a","article-title":"Anionic porphyrin-grafted porous silicon nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy","volume":"49","author":"Secret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-321","article-title":"Porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer photothermotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-463","article-title":"Nanoparticles prepared from porous silicon nanowires for bio-imaging and sonodynamic therapy","volume":"9","author":"Osminkina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.04.004","article-title":"Studies of silicon nanoparticles uptake and biodegradation in cancer cells by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Tolstik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021010","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3086608","article-title":"Silicon nanoparticles produced by femtosecond laser ablation in water as novel contamination-free photosensitizers","volume":"14","author":"Rioux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063785020070263","article-title":"Silicon nanoparticles formed via pulsed laser ablation of porous silicon in liquids","volume":"46","author":"Skobelkina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31866-6_22","article-title":"Structural and photoluminescence properties of nanoparticles formed by laser ablation of porous silicon in ethanol and liquid nitrogen","volume":"77","author":"Skobelkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFMBE Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1021\/jp909946x","article-title":"Realization of Vertical and Zigzag Single Crystalline Silicon Nanowire Architectures","volume":"114","author":"Sivakov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5107(99)00286-X","article-title":"On the morphology and the electrochemical formation mechanism of mesoporous silicon","volume":"69","author":"Lehmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canham, L. (2018). Porous silicon formation by anodization. Handbook of Porous Silicon, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71381-6_16"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35902","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-2011\/13\/3\/035902","article-title":"Photon lifetime correlated increase of Raman scattering and third-harmonic generation in silicon nanowire arrays","volume":"13","author":"Zabotnov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201100112","article-title":"Photoluminescent biocompatible silicon nanoparticles for cancer theranostic applications","volume":"5","author":"Osminkina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126202","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-202X\/aaea74","article-title":"Estimation of chlorin-based photosensitizer penetration depth prior to photodynamic therapy procedure with dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging","volume":"15","author":"Khilov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugioka, K., Meunier, M., and Piqu\u00e9, A. (2010). Laser synthesis of nanomaterials. Laser Precision Microfabrication, Springer. Chapter 7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10523-4"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1063\/1.99054","article-title":"Experimental determination of the nanocrystalline volume fraction in silicon thin films from Raman spectroscopy","volume":"52","author":"Bustarret","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056001","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-202X\/aaacf9","article-title":"Femtosecond laser pulse modification of amorphous silicon films: Control of surface anisotropy","volume":"15","author":"Shuleiko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR08614H","article-title":"Two mechanisms of nanoparticle generation in picosecond laser ablation in liquids: The origin of the bimodal size distribution","volume":"10","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.34.090101.162238","article-title":"The Richtmyer-Meshkov instability","volume":"34","author":"Brouillette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012064","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1147\/1\/012064","article-title":"Ablation into water: Fragmentation of metal via Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability","volume":"1147","author":"Dyachkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.120.37","article-title":"Optical Constants of Silicon in the Region 1 to 10 ev","volume":"120","author":"Philipp","year":"1960","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"067168","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4923379","article-title":"Uncertainty analysis for the coefficient of band-to-band absorption of crystalline silicon","volume":"5","author":"Schinke","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Matveev, A.N. (1988). Optics, Mir Publishers. Chapter 9."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canham, L. (2018). Photoluminscence of porous silicon. Handbook of Porous Silicon, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71381-6"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2005.12.017","article-title":"Electron-paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence study of Si nanocrystals-photosensitizers of singlet oxygen molecules","volume":"352","author":"Konstantinova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Non Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12515","DOI":"10.1021\/jp411887s","article-title":"Enhanced Thermal Sensitivity of Silicon Nanoparticles Embedded in (Nano-Ag\/)SiNx for Luminescent Thermometry","volume":"118","author":"Ryabchikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125446","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.82.125446","article-title":"Roughness of silicon nanowire sidewalls and room temperature photoluminescence","volume":"82","author":"Sivakov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:11Z","timestamp":1760177051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20174874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20174874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]}}}