{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:57:30Z","timestamp":1777571850232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2018KF-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KF-4"]}]},{"name":"the Key Laboratory of Performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures (Tongji University)","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a passive wireless long-range displacement sensor that is based on the circular patch antenna, and the detecting range of the sensor can be customized. The sensor consists of a chipped circular antenna with two opened rectangular windows, a substrate, and a ground plate with a sloping channel. No bonding between the antenna and the ground plate allows for the chipped antenna to slide along the sloping channel. The channel will drive the current flow on the plate once the chip is activated, increasing the effective electrical length and, consequently, decreasing the resonant frequency of the circular antenna. The sensing mechanism equates the measuring displacement to the relative movement of the antenna with respect to the ground that achieves the measurement of long-range displacement and, thus, the proposed sensor can avoid stress damage to the antenna due to excessive deformation. Three different range sensors were simulated in the the Ansoft high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The results show that the resonance frequency of the antenna has a linear relationship with the varying chute depth beneath the chip. Three sensors were fabricated, and the experimental results also validated that the sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T09:17:08Z","timestamp":1598606228000},"page":"4884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Long-Range Displacement Meters Based on Chipped Circular Patch Antenna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Songtao","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Department of Architecture, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai 982-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guochun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4236-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Concrete and Pre-Stressed Concrete Structure of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2000.0717","article-title":"Vibration-based structural damage identification","volume":"359","author":"Farrar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76480P","DOI":"10.1117\/12.852340","article-title":"SHM process as perceived through 350 projects","volume":"7648","author":"Glisic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Sensor Phenom. Technol. Networks Systems"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055023","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/5\/055023","article-title":"Monitoring fatigue crack growth and opening using antenna sensors","volume":"19","author":"Mohammad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6767","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2457455","article-title":"Wireless Passive RFID Crack Width Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Caizzone","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Tian, G.Y., Marindra, A.M.J., Sunny, A.I., and Zhao, A.B. (2017). A review of passive RFID tag antenna-based sensors and systems for structural health monitoring applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020265"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2006.38","article-title":"Monitoring civil structures with a wireless sensor network","volume":"10","author":"Chintalapudi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.010","article-title":"Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-018-0475-3","article-title":"A Novel RFID-Based Strain Sensor for Wireless Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"37","author":"Kuhn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2165517","article-title":"Passive RFID strain-sensor based on meander-line antennas","volume":"59","author":"Occhiuzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2010.545450","article-title":"Passive wireless smart-skin sensor using RFID-based folded patch antennas","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085035","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa7cd8","article-title":"Experimental assessment of an RFID-based crack sensor for steel structures","volume":"26","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.11.007","article-title":"Passive wireless displacement sensor based on RFID technology","volume":"190","author":"Cazeca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2026992","article-title":"A New Wireless Displacement Sensor Based on Reverse Design of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array","volume":"9","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2242464","article-title":"Flexible Wireless Antenna Sensor: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2240155","article-title":"RFID tag antenna-based sensing for pervasive surface crack detection","volume":"13","author":"Kalansuriya","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6412","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2360553","article-title":"Wireless crack monitoring by stationary phase measurements from coupled RFID tags","volume":"62","author":"Caizzone","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2335743","article-title":"Stretchable RFID for wireless strain sensing with silver nano ink","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, R., Floerkemeier, C., and Sarma, S. (2009, January 27\u201328). Towards tag antenna based sensing\u2014An RFID displacement sensor. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference, RFID, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID.2009.4911195"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2243751","article-title":"Novel design of a highly sensitive RF strain transducer for passive and remote sensing in two dimensions","volume":"61","author":"Thai","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab2834","article-title":"Crack sensor based on patch antenna fed by capacitive microstrip lines","volume":"28","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Huang, B., Zhang, G., and Tian, G.Y. (2018). Wireless passive ultra high frequency RFID antenna sensor for surface crack monitoring and quantitative analysis. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072130"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, S., Yi, Z., Xie, L., Wan, G., and Ding, T. (2019). A passive wireless crack sensor based on patch antenna with overlapping sub-patch. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194327"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, S., Yi, Z., Xie, L., Wan, G., and Ding, T. (2019). A displacement sensor based on a normal mode helical antenna. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173767"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5725","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2567221","article-title":"Passive Wireless Frequency Doubling Antenna Sensor for Strain and Crack Sensing","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X11432655","article-title":"Utilising microstrip patch antenna strain sensors for structural health monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Daliri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010310","article-title":"A Circular Microstrip Antenna Sensor for Direction Sensitive Strain Evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Evaluation","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. (2016). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"33","article-title":"Research of Electrical Length Measurement Methods","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Pozar, D.M. (2005). Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19970521","article-title":"Patch antenna equivalent to simple monopole","volume":"33","author":"Economou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8314","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2765893","article-title":"A Stacked Dual-Frequency Microstrip Patch Antenna for Simultaneous Shear and Pressure Displacement Sensing","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4884\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:19Z","timestamp":1760177059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/17\/4884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20174884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20174884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]}}}