{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:35:24Z","timestamp":1778884524129,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPRSC","award":["EP\/L022125\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L022125\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201306120137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201306120137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasonic array imaging algorithms have been widely developed and used for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) in the last two decades. In this paper two widely used time domain algorithms are compared with two emerging frequency domain algorithms in terms of imaging performance and computational speed. The time domain algorithms explored here are the total focusing method (TFM) and plane wave imaging (PWI) and the frequency domain algorithms are the wavenumber algorithm and Lu\u2019s frequency-wavenumber domain implementation of PWI. In order to make a fair comparison, each algorithm was first investigated to choose imaging parameters leading to overall good imaging resolution and signal-to-noise-ratio. To reflect the diversity of samples encountered in NDE, the comparison is made using both a low noise material (aluminium) and a high noise material (copper). It is shown that whilst wavenumber and frequency domain PWI imaging algorithms can lead to fast imaging, they require careful selection of imaging parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"4951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Comparison of Time Domain and Frequency-Wavenumber Domain Ultrasonic Array Imaging Algorithms for Non-Destructive Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8678-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7886-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoxuan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Drinkwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2006.03.006","article-title":"Ultrasonic arrays for non-destructive evaluation: A review","volume":"39","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2006","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2006.07.017","article-title":"Synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging","volume":"44","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2005.04.002","article-title":"Post-processing of the full matrix of ultrasonic transmit\u2013receive array data for non-destructive evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1067","article-title":"Coherent plane-wave compounding for very high frame rate ultrasonography and transient elastography","volume":"56","author":"Montaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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