{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T22:10:07Z","timestamp":1775340607992,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Experimental studies using qualitative or quantitative analysis have demonstrated that the human voice progressively worsens with ageing. These studies, however, have mostly focused on specific voice features without examining their dynamic interaction. To examine the complexity of age-related changes in voice, more advanced techniques based on machine learning have been recently applied to voice recordings but only in a laboratory setting. We here recorded voice samples in a large sample of healthy subjects. To improve the ecological value of our analysis, we collected voice samples directly at home using smartphones. Methods: 138 younger adults (65 males and 73 females, age range: 15\u201330) and 123 older adults (47 males and 76 females, age range: 40\u201385) produced a sustained emission of a vowel and a sentence. The recorded voice samples underwent a machine learning analysis through a support vector machine algorithm. Results: The machine learning analysis of voice samples from both speech tasks discriminated between younger and older adults, and between males and females, with high statistical accuracy. Conclusions: By recording voice samples through smartphones in an ecological setting, we demonstrated the combined effect of age and gender on voice. Our machine learning analysis demonstrates the effect of ageing on voice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T11:24:24Z","timestamp":1599218664000},"page":"5022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Machine-Learning Analysis of Voice Samples Recorded through Smartphones: The Combined Effect of Ageing and Gender"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Asci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Di Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zampogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ruoppolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Otorhinolaryngology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Saggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Suppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.03.002","article-title":"Normative Voice Data for Younger and Older Adults","volume":"27","author":"Goy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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