{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T21:26:14Z","timestamp":1775856374351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP16K01408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16K01408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the relationship between emotional arousal and depression has been studied. Focusing on this relationship, we first developed an arousal level voice index (ALVI) to measure arousal levels using the Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture database. Then, we calculated ALVI from the voices of depressed patients from two hospitals (Ginza Taimei Clinic (H1) and National Defense Medical College hospital (H2)) and compared them with the severity of depression as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Depending on the HAM-D score, the datasets were classified into a no depression (HAM-D &lt; 8) and a depression group (HAM-D \u2265 8) for each hospital. A comparison of the mean ALVI between the groups was performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and a significant difference at the level of 10% (p = 0.094) at H1 and 1% (p = 0.0038) at H2 was determined. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic was 0.66 when categorizing between the two groups for H1, and the AUC for H2 was 0.70. The relationship between arousal level and depression severity was indirectly suggested via the ALVI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T12:20:06Z","timestamp":1599222006000},"page":"5041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of the Severity of Major Depression Using a Voice Index for Emotional Arousal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuji","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuteru","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Omiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PST Inc., Industry &amp; Trade Center Building 905, 2 Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0023, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masakazu","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0669-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PST Inc., Industry &amp; Trade Center Building 905, 2 Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0023, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9547-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taku","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaaki","family":"Tanichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shuken","family":"Boku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shunji","family":"Mitsuyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mirai","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan"}]},{"given":"Aihide","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Tokuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1561","article-title":"Prevalence and effects of mood disorders on work performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers","volume":"163","author":"Kessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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