{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:23:00Z","timestamp":1763389380781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this paper is to improve the synchronization control performance of nonlinear teleoperation systems with system uncertainties in the presence of time delays. In view of the nonlinear discrete states of the teleoperation system in packet-switched communication networks, a new discrete sliding mode control (DSMC) strategy is performed via a new reaching law in task space. The new reaching law is designed to reduce the chattering and improve control performance. Moreover, an adaptive extended state observer (AESO) is used to estimate the total system disturbances. The additional gain of AESO is adjusted in time to decrease the estimation errors of both system states and disturbances automatically and improve the estimation performances of the AESO. Finally, the validity of the designed control strategy is demonstrated by both simulation and experiments. Furthermore, the experimental comparison results indicate that the improvement is achievable with the proposed AESO and DSMC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:29:10Z","timestamp":1599470950000},"page":"5091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Discrete Sliding Mode Control Design for Bilateral Teleoperation System via Adaptive Extended State Observer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7566-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongli","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Fucai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"713","article-title":"An overview of CAT control in nuclear services","volume":"2","author":"Clement","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Int. 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