{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:38:49Z","timestamp":1792661929944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A digital twin is a digital replica of a physical entity to which it is remotely connected. A digital twin can provide a rich representation of the corresponding physical entity and enables sophisticated control for various purposes. Although the concept of the digital twin is largely known, designing digital twins based systems has not yet been fully explored. In practice, digital twins can be applied in different ways leading to different architectural designs. To guide the architecture design process, we provide a pattern-oriented approach for architecting digital twin-based systems. To this end, we propose a catalog of digital twin architecture design patterns that can be reused in the broad context of systems engineering. The patterns support the various phases in the systems engineering life cycle process, and are described using a well-defined pattern documentation template. For illustrating the application of digital twin patterns, we adopt a multi-case study approach in the agriculture and food domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T00:11:51Z","timestamp":1599523911000},"page":"5103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Systems Architecture Design Pattern Catalog for Developing Digital Twins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8538-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bedir","family":"Tekinerdogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cor","family":"Verdouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Mprise, P.O. Box 598, 3900 AN Veenendaal, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahlen, F.-J., Flumerfelt, S., and Alves, A. (2016). Digital twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems: New Findings and Approaches, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, A., Fan, Z., Day, C., and Barlow, C. (2020). 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